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Integrated Sensing and Communication in Cell-Free Massive MIMO
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS. (Intelligent Network Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1807-1985
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Integrerad avkänning och kommunikation i cellfri massiv MIMO (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Future mobile networks are anticipated to not only enhance communication performance but also facilitate new sensing-based applications. This highlights the essential role of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in sixth-generation (6G) and beyond mobile networks. The seamless integration of sensing and communication poses challenges in deployment and resource allocation. Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks, characterized by multiple distributed access points, offer a promising infrastructure for ISAC implementation. However, the effective realization of ISAC necessitates joint design and resource allocation optimization. In this thesis, we study ISAC within cell-free massive MIMO systems, with a particular emphasis on developing power allocation algorithms under various scenarios.

In this thesis, we explore two scenarios: utilizing existing communication signals and incorporating additional sensing signals. We propose power allocation algorithms aiming to maximize the sensing performance while meeting communication and power constraints. In addition, we develop two maximum a posteriori ratio test (MAPRT) target detectors under clutter-free and cluttered scenarios. Results indicate that employing additional sensing signals enhances sensing performance, particularly in scenarios where the target has low reflectivity. Moreover, although the clutter-aware detector requires more advanced processing, it leads to better sensing performance. Furthermore, we introduced sensing spectral efficiency (SE) to measure the effect of resource block utilization, highlighting the integration advantages of ISAC over orthogonal resource sharing approaches. 

In the next part of the thesis, we study the energy efficiency aspects of ISAC in cell-free massive MIMO systems with ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) users. We propose a power allocation algorithm aiming to maximize energy efficiency of the system while meeting communication and sensing requirements. We conduct a comparative analysis between the proposed power allocation algorithms and a URLLC-only approach which takes into account only URLLC and power requirements. The results reveal that while the URLLC-only algorithm excels in energy efficiency, it is not able to support sensing requirements.   Moreover, we study the impact of ISAC on end-to-end (including radio and processing) energy consumption. Particularly, we present giga-operations per second (GOPS) analysis for both communication and sensing tasks. Two optimization problems are formulated and solved to minimize transmission and end-to-end energy through blocklength and power optimization. Results indicate that while end-to-end energy minimization offers substantial energy savings, its efficacy diminishes with sensing integration due to processing energy requirements.

Abstract [sv]

Framtida mobila nätverk förväntas inte bara förbättra kommunikations-prestanda utan även mögliggöra nya applikationer baserade på sensorer. Dettaunderstryker den avgörande rollen för Integrerad avkänning och kommunika-tion (ISAC) i sjätte generationens (6G) och efterföljande mobila nätverk. Densömlösa integrationen av sensorer och kommunikation medför utmaningar iutrullning och resursallokering. Cellfria massiva flerantennsystem (MIMO-nätverk), kännetecknade av flera distribuerade åtkomstpunkter, erbjuder enlovande infrastruktur för implementering av ISAC. Dock kräver den effektivarealiseringen av ISAC samverkande design och optimering av resursallokering.I denna avhandling studerar vi ISAC inom cellfria massiva MIMO-system,med särskild tonvikt på att utveckla effektallokeringsalgoritmer under olikascenarier.Vi utforskar två scenarier: att utnyttja befintliga kommunikationssignaleroch att inkludera ytterligare sensorssignaler. Vi föreslår effektallokeringsalgo-ritmer med målet att maximera sensorsprestandan samtidigt som kommunika-tions och effektbegränsningar uppfylls. Dessutom utvecklar vi två detektorerbaserade på maximum a posteriori ratio test (MAPRT) under störningsfriaoch störda scenarier. Resultaten visar att användning av ytterligare sensors-signaler förbättrar sensorsprestandan, särskilt i scenarier där målet har lågreflektivitet. Dessutom, även om den störkänsliga detektorn kräver mer avan-cerad bearbetning, leder den till bättre sensorsprestanda. Vidare introducerarvi sensorerspektral effektivitet (SE) för att mäta effekten av resursblocksan-vändning och framhäva integrationsfördelarna med ISAC över ortogonala re-sursdelningsmetoder.I den andra delen av avhandlingen studerar vi energieffektivitetsaspek-terna av ISAC i cellfria massiva MIMO-system med användare med ultra-tillförlitlig låg-latens (URLLC) kommunikation. Vi föreslår en effektalloke-ringsalgoritm med syfte att maximera systemets energieffektivitet samtidigtsom kommunikations- och sensorskraven uppfylls. Vi utför en jämförande ana-lys mellan de föreslagna effektallokeringsalgoritmerna och ett URLLC-ensamttillvägagångssätt som tar hänsyn enbart till URLLC- och effektkrav. Resul-taten avslöjar att medan URLLC-ensamma algoritmen utmärker sig i energi-effektivitet, kan den inte stödja sensorskraven. Dessutom studerar vi effektenav ISAC på slut till slut (inklusive radios och bearbetning) energiförbruk-ning. Särskilt presenterar vi giga-operationer per sekund (GOPS) analys förbåde kommunikations- och sensorsuppgifter. Två optimeringsproblem formu-leras och löses för att minimera överförings- och slut till slut energi genomblocklängd- och effektoptimering. Resultaten indikerar att medan slut till slutenergiminimering erbjuder betydande energibesparingar, minskar dess effek-tivitet med sensorintegrationen på grund av bearbetningsenergikrav.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 54
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2024:33
Keywords [en]
Integrated sensing and communication, cell-free massive MIMO, power allocation, URLLC, C-RAN, convex-concave programming.
Keywords [sv]
Integrerad avkänning och kommunikation, cellfri massiv MI- MO, effektallokering, URLLC, C-RAN, konvex-konkav programmering
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345789ISBN: 978-91-8040-896-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-345789DiVA, id: diva2:1852881
Presentation
2024-05-13, Amiga, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68751222626, Electrum, Kistagången 16, 164 40, Kista, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20240513

Available from: 2024-04-19 Created: 2024-04-19 Last updated: 2024-04-19Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Power Allocation for Joint Communication and Sensing in Cell-Free Massive MIMO
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Power Allocation for Joint Communication and Sensing in Cell-Free Massive MIMO
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2022 (English)In: 2022 IEEE GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (GLOBECOM 2022), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2022, p. 4081-4086Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper studies a joint communication and sensing (JCAS) system with downlink communication and multi-static sensing for single-target detection in a cloud radio access network architecture. A centralized operation of cell-free massive MIMO is considered for communication and sensing purposes. The JCAS transmit access points (APs) jointly serve the user equipments (UEs) and optionally steer a beam towards the target. A maximum a posteriori ratio test detector is derived to detect the target using signals received at distributed APs. We propose a power allocation algorithm to maximize the sensing signal-to-noise ratio under the condition that a minimal signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio value for each UE is guaranteed. Numerical results show that, compared to the fully communication-centric power allocation, the detection probability under a certain false alarm probability can be increased significantly by the proposed algorithm for both JCAS setups: i) using additional sensing symbols or ii) using only existing communication symbols.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2022
Series
IEEE Global Communications Conference, ISSN 2334-0983
Keywords
Distributed joint communication and radar sensing, cell-free massive MIMO, C-RAN, power allocation
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326373 (URN)10.1109/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10000730 (DOI)000922633504020 ()2-s2.0-85142821250 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), DEC 04-08, 2022, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Note

QC 20240430

Available from: 2023-05-03 Created: 2023-05-03 Last updated: 2024-04-30Bibliographically approved
2. Multi-Static Target Detection and Power Allocation for Integrated Sensing and Communication in Cell-Free Massive MIMO
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-Static Target Detection and Power Allocation for Integrated Sensing and Communication in Cell-Free Massive MIMO
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2024 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, ISSN 1536-1276, E-ISSN 1558-2248, Vol. 23, no 9, p. 11580-11596Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper studies an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system within a centralized cell-free massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) network for target detection. ISAC transmit access points serve the user equipments in the downlink and optionally steer a beam toward the target in a multi-static sensing framework. A maximum a posteriori ratio test detector is developed for target detection in the presence of clutter, so-called target-free signals. Additionally, sensing spectral efficiency (SE) is introduced as a key metric, capturing the impact of resource utilization in ISAC. A power allocation algorithm is proposed to maximize the sensing signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio while ensuring minimum communication requirements. Two ISAC configurations are studied: utilizing existing communication beams for sensing and using additional sensing beams. The proposed algorithm’s efficiency is investigated in realistic and idealistic scenarios, corresponding to the presence and absence of the target-free channels, respectively. Despite performance degradation in the presence of target-free channels, the proposed algorithm outperforms the interference-unaware benchmark, leveraging clutter statistics. Comparisons with a fully communication-centric algorithm reveal superior performance in both cluttered and clutter-free environments. The incorporation of an extra sensing beam enhances detection performance for lower radar cross-section variances. Moreover, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the integrated operation of sensing and communication compared to an orthogonal resource-sharing approach.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345786 (URN)10.1109/TWC.2024.3383209 (DOI)001312963400035 ()2-s2.0-85190174365 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241007

Available from: 2024-04-19 Created: 2024-04-19 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
3. Interplay between Sensing and Communication in Cell-Free Massive MIMO with URLLC Users
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interplay between Sensing and Communication in Cell-Free Massive MIMO with URLLC Users
2024 (English)Other (Other academic)
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345787 (URN)
Note

QC 20240508

Available from: 2024-04-19 Created: 2024-04-19 Last updated: 2024-05-08Bibliographically approved
4. Joint Processing and Transmission Energy Optimization for ISAC in Cell-Free Massive MIMO with URLLC
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Joint Processing and Transmission Energy Optimization for ISAC in Cell-Free Massive MIMO with URLLC
2024 (English)Other (Other academic)
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-345788 (URN)10.13140/RG.2.2.35029.81125 (DOI)
Note

QC 20240430

Available from: 2024-04-19 Created: 2024-04-19 Last updated: 2024-04-30Bibliographically approved

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