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Oxygen reduction reaction kinetics on silver- and platinum thin-layer electrodes in AEMFC
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3615-5608
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4770-9554
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7919-8835
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9203-9313
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Ag and Pt thin-layer electrodes was studied in an anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC). The two-dimensional nature of these layers minimizes the effects of current distribution and mass transport. The ORR activities were evaluated at 80 °C and 100 % RH via polarization curves. Compared to Pt, Ag displays a later onset potential and a lower performance at high voltages. For Ag an anodic peak at 0.82 V was obtained by cyclic voltammetry. This peak indicating formation of Ag2O was also identified in SEM micrographs. At 100 % O2, the Tafel slope for Pt above 0.8 V was 75 mV dec−1. For Ag this slope, verified via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, was 160 mV dec−1. By decoupling the first proton- and electron-transfer step of an associative ORR mechanism, a theoretical model captures the Tafel-slope response of Pt when the first proton transfer is the rate-determining step (rds). If the electron transfer is the rds, the theoretical slope fits well with the Tafel behavior of Ag. In fuel cell conditions, Ag performs better than Pt below 0.5 V, but the stability of Ag is compromised above 0.8 V. 

Keywords [en]
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells – Silver thin layer – Platinum thin layer – Oxygen reduction reaction kinetics – Tafel slope
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology; Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355973OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-355973DiVA, id: diva2:1911212
Note

QC 20241107

Available from: 2024-11-06 Created: 2024-11-06 Last updated: 2025-03-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Electrochemical evaluation of thin-layer catalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electrochemical evaluation of thin-layer catalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Fuel cells emerge as a zero-emission transport option by converting chemical energy into usable electricity, with heat and water as the only by-products. In the automotive sector, acidic proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most viable option, but their high price is still limiting the possibility to be competitive with other techniques. The anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) in alkaline media allow the use of less expensive materials, but these materials are not enough developed and there is a lack of established measuring protocols and stable reference materials. By focusing on electrocatalysis, this thesis describes how different experimental approaches can be utilized to evaluate the kinetics of thin-layer catalysts in fuel cell conditions, mainly in alkaline media. 

By using a special membrane electrode assembly (double-MEA setup), the kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) onto a platinum (Pt) layer in alkaline media was studied without interferences caused by mass transport and gas crossover. The ORR kinetics on a silver (Ag) layer was also evaluated and compared with Pt. In acidic media the ORR stability of a platinum yttrium (Pt3Y) layer was investigated via an accelerated stress test (AST). To test the fast kinetics of hydrogen oxidation (HOR) and hydrogen evolution (HER) onto a Pt layer without mass transport limitations, an alkaline hydrogen-cell was utilized. 

The results showed that the double-MEA setup is an ideal system for kinetics studies. On Pt, it restricted hydrogen crossover which resulted in reproducible specific ORR activities, comparable to those of good porous electrodes found in the field. Compared with Pt, Ag displayed a later onset potential for ORR due to a mixed potential caused by Ag oxidation. The Ag layer performed better than Pt below 0.5 V while at higher voltages its stability was compromised due to the formation of Ag-oxides. With respect to Pt3Y, after AST, the ORR activities decreased for all voltages, being very close to those for pure Pt before AST. The loss of ORR activity on Pt3Y was due to an increase in the thickness of the Pt overlayer which induced a relaxation of the Pt overlayer, decreasing the compressive strain effect. The HER activities on Pt in acidic PEM conditions were between two and three orders of magnitude higher than in alkaline AEM media. For HOR this difference was reduced to around one order of magnitude. By correlating the experimental results to different mechanisms, the HOR/HER kinetics on Pt in acidic media can be associated with the Tafel−Volmer mechanism, with the Volmer reaction as rate determining step. In the case of Pt in alkaline media, the HOR/HER kinetics can be related to the HeyrovskyVolmer mechanism, with Volmer reaction as the rate determining step.

Abstract [sv]

Bränsleceller utvecklas som ett bra alternativ för transporter utan utsläpp, genom att de omvandlar kemisk energi till användbar elektricitet, med värme och vatten som de enda biprodukterna. Inom bilindustrin är sura protonledande membranbränsleceller (PEMFCs) det mest lämpliga alternativet, men det höga priset begränsar möjligheterna att konkurrera med andra tekniker. Anjonledande membranbränsleceller (AEMFC) i alkalisk miljö tillåter användningen av billigare material, men dessa material är inte tillräckligt undersökta och etablerade mätmetoder och stabila referensmaterial saknas fortfarande.  Med fokus på elektrokatalys, så beskriver den här avhandlingen hur olika experimentella metoder kan användas för att utvärdera kinetiken i tunnskiktskatalysatorer i realistiska bränslecellsmiljöer, huvudsakligen alkaliska. 

Genom användning av en speciell cell med dubbla MEA (membrane electrode assembly) studerades kinetiken för syrgasoxidationsreaktionen (ORR) på ett tunt skikt av platina (Pt) i alkalisk miljö, utan störningar orsakade av materietransportbegränsningar och gas-crossover. ORR-kinetiken på ett skikt av silver (Ag) utvärderades också och jämfördes med Pt. Även den snabba kinetiken för väteoxidationsreaktionen (HOR) och vätgasutveckling (HER) studerades på en alkalisk tunnskiktskatalysator av Pt. I sur miljö utvärderades stabiliteten av ORR på ett skikt av platinayttrium (Pt3Y) genom ett accelererat stresstest. 

Resultaten visade att användningen av dubbla MEA är idealisk för att studera kinetik. På Pt begränsade det extra MEA:t vätgascrossover, vilket resulterade i reproducerbara specifika ORR-aktiviteter som är jämförbara med dem på bra porösa elektroder. Jämfört med Pt uppvisade Ag en senare startpotential för ORR på grund av en blandpotential orsakad av Ag-oxidation. Ag-skiktet presterade bättre än Pt under 0,5 V medan dess stabilitet vid högre spänningar påverkades av bildningen av Ag-oxider. När det gäller Pt3Y så minskade ORRaktiviteterna efter AST för alla spänningar och var då snarlika dem för ren Pt före AST. Minskningen av ORR-aktivitet för Pt3Y berodde på en ökning av tjockleken och en förändrad spänning i det översta skiktet av Pt. HERaktiviteterna på Pt i sura PEM-förhållanden var två till tre tiopotenser högre än i alkalisk AEM-miljö. För HOR reducerades skillnaden till cirka en tiopotens. Genom att jämföra resultaten med olika reaktionsmekanismer, så kan HOR/HER-kinetiken på Pt i sur miljö kopplas till Tafel-Volmer-mekanismen, med Volmer-reaktionen som det hastighetsbestämmande steget. I fallet med Pt i alkalisk miljö, kan HOR/HER-kinetiken kopplas till Heyrovksy-Volmermekanismen, också där med Volmer-steget som hastighetsbestämmande. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 48
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:49
Keywords
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells, thin-layer catalyst, oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen oxidation reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, Anjonledande membranbränslecell, tunnskiktskatalysator, syrgasreduktionsreaktion, vätgasoxidationsreaktion, vätgasutveckling
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355975 (URN)978-91-8106-098-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-11-29, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_UwN3VxAFRruM-foeenvOtA, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20241107

Available from: 2024-11-07 Created: 2024-11-06 Last updated: 2024-11-18Bibliographically approved

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Marra, EvaEriksson, BjörnNovalin, TimonLindbergh, GöranWreland Lindström, RakelLagergren, Carina

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