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Transitional Grid Maps: Joint Modeling of Static and Dynamic Occupancy
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, Mechatronics and Embedded Control Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9982-578X
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8747-6359
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4173-2593
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1170-7162
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2025 (English)In: IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, E-ISSN 2687-7813, Vol. 6, p. 1-10Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Autonomous agents rely on sensor data to construct representations of their environments, essential for predicting future events and planning their actions. However, sensor measurements suffer from limited range, occlusions, and sensor noise. These challenges become more evident in highly dynamic environments. This work proposes a probabilistic framework to jointly infer which parts of an environment are statically and which parts are dynamically occupied. We formulate the problem as a Bayesian network and introduce minimal assumptions that significantly reduce the complexity of the problem. Based on those, we derive Transitional Grid Maps (TGMs), an efficient analytical solution. Using real data, we demonstrate how this approach produces better maps than the state-of-the-art by keeping track of both static and dynamic elements and, as a side effect, can help improve existing SLAM algorithms.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2025. Vol. 6, p. 1-10
National Category
Computer Sciences Computer graphics and computer vision
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-359349DOI: 10.1109/ojits.2024.3521449Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85210909052OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-359349DiVA, id: diva2:1932905
Note

QC 20250130

Available from: 2025-01-30 Created: 2025-01-30 Last updated: 2025-05-27Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Situation Awareness for Autonomous Agents under Limited Sensing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Situation Awareness for Autonomous Agents under Limited Sensing
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Autonomous agents, such as robots and automated vehicles, rely on their ability to perceive and interpret their environment to make informed decisions and execute actions that align with their goals. A key aspect of this capability is situation awareness, which involves understanding the current state of the environment and predicting its future evolution. Traditional autonomous systems address perception and prediction as separate tasks within a sequential pipeline, where raw sensor data is processed into increasingly abstract representations. While this structured approach has driven significant advancements, it remains constrained by sensor limitations, including occlusions, measurement uncertainty, and adverse weather conditions.

This thesis investigates how predictions from past observations can enhance perception algorithms, enabling agents to infer missing information, reduce uncertainty, and better anticipate changes. To support this integration, alternative environment representations are explored that allow feedback between prediction and perception while capturing uncertainty. This tighter coupling improves decision-making, particularly in complex and partially observable environments.

The contributions include: (1) a reachability-based reasoning framework for tracking possible hidden obstacles; (2) its extension to handle delayed and partial external data; (3) a probabilistic mapping method, Transitional Grid Maps (TGM), that jointly models static and dynamic occupancy; and (4) an extension of TGM to mitigate weather-induced sensor noise.

The proposed methods are evaluated in simulated and real scenarios where traditional perception pipelines struggle, such as occluded, highly dynamic and noisy environments. By bridging the gap between perception and prediction, this work contributes to the development of more robust and intelligent autonomous systems.

Abstract [sv]

Autonoma agenter, såsom robotar och självkörande fordon, är beroende av sin förmåga att uppfatta och tolka omgivningen för att fatta välgrundade beslut och utföra handlingar i linje med sina mål. En viktig del av denna förmåga är situationsmedvetenhet, som innebär att förstå miljöns nuvarande tillstånd och förutse dess framtida utveckling. Traditionella autonoma system hanterar perception och prediktion som separata steg i en sekventiell kedja, där sensordata bearbetas till alltmer abstrakta representationer. Även om detta strukturerade tillvägagångssätt lett till stora framsteg, begränsas det av sensorbrister, inklusive skymda objekt, mätosäkerhet och ogynnsamt väder.

Denna avhandling undersöker hur prediktioner från tidigare observationer kan förbättra perceptionsalgoritmer, så att agenter kan sluta sig till saknad information, minska osäkerhet och bättre förutse förändringar. För att möjliggöra denna integration utforskas alternativa omgivningsrepresentationer som ger återkoppling mellan prediktion och perception, samtidigt som osäkerheter kan hanteras. Denna tätare koppling förbättrar beslutsfattandet, särskilt i komplexa och delvis observerbara miljöer.

Avhandlingens huvudsakliga bidrag inkluderar: (1) ett reso\-nemangs\-ramverk baserat på nåbarhet för att spåra möjliga dolda hinder; (2) dess utvidgning för att hantera fördröjd och ofullständig extern data; (3) en probabilistisk kartmetod, Transitional Grid Maps (TGM), som gemensamt modellerar statisk och dynamisk ockupation; och, (4) utvidgning av TGM för att förbättrad hantering av väderrelaterat sensorbrus.

Metoderna utvärderas i scenarier där traditionella perceptionskedjor har problem, exempelvis i skymda, mycket dynamiska och brusiga miljöer. Genom att överbrygga klyftan mellan perception och prediktion bidrar detta arbete till utvecklingen av robustare och intelligentare autonoma system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 71
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:29
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363919 (URN)978-91-8106-330-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-18, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66710325262, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2025-05-27 Created: 2025-05-27 Last updated: 2025-06-09Bibliographically approved

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Gaspar Sánchez, José ManuelBruns, LeonardTumova, JanaJensfelt, PatricTörngren, Martin

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