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Adaptive Middleware for Self-Configurable Embedded Real-Time Systems: Experiences from the DySCAS Project and Remaining Challenges
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Machine Design (Div.). (Embedded Control Systems)
2009 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Development of software for embedded real-time systems poses severalchallenges. Hard and soft constraints on timing, and usually considerableresource limitations, put important constraints on the development. Thetraditional way of coping with these issues is to produce a fully static design,i.e. one that is fully fixed already during design time.Current trends in the area of embedded systems, including the emergingopenness in these types of systems, are providing new challenges for theirdesigners – e.g. integration of new software during runtime, software upgradeor run-time adaptation of application behavior to facilitate better performancecombined with more ecient resource usage. One way to reach these goals is tobuild self-configurable systems, i.e. systems that can resolve such issues withouthuman intervention. Such mechanisms may be used to promote increasedsystem openness.This thesis covers some of the challenges involved in that development.An overview of the current situation is given, with a extensive review ofdi erent concepts that are applicable to the problem, including adaptivitymechanisms (incluing QoS and load balancing), middleware and relevantdesign approaches (component-based, model-based and architectural design).A middleware is a software layer that can be used in distributed systems,with the purpose of abstracting away distribution, and possibly other aspects,for the application developers. The DySCAS project had as a major goaldevelopment of middleware for self-configurable systems in the automotivesector. Such development is complicated by the special requirements thatapply to these platforms.Work on the implementation of an adaptive middleware, DyLite, providingself-configurability to small-scale microcontrollers, is described andcovered in detail. DyLite is a partial implementation of the concepts developedin DySCAS.Another area given significant focus is formal modeling of QoS andresource management. Currently, applications in these types of systems arenot given a fully formal definition, at least not one also covering real-timeaspects. Using formal modeling would extend the possibilities for verificationof not only system functionality, but also of resource usage, timing and otherextra-functional requirements. This thesis includes a proposal of a formalismto be used for these purposes.Several challenges in providing methodology and tools that are usablein a production development still remain. Several key issues in this areaare described, e.g. version/configuration management, access control, andintegration between di erent tools, together with proposals for future workin the other areas covered by the thesis.

Abstract [sv]

Utveckling av mjukvara för inbyggda realtidssystem innebär flera utmaningar.Hårda och mjuka tidskrav, och vanligtvis betydande resursbegränsningar,innebär viktiga inskränkningar på utvecklingen. Det traditionellasättet att hantera dessa utmaningar är att skapa en helt statisk design, d.v.s.en som är helt fix efter utvecklingsskedet.Dagens trender i området inbyggda system, inräknat trenden mot systemöppenhet,skapar nya utmaningar för systemens konstruktörer – exempelvisintegration av ny mjukvara under körskedet, uppgradering av mjukvaraeller anpassning av applikationsbeteende under körskedet för att nå bättreprestanda kombinerat med e ektivare resursutnyttjande. Ett sätt att nå dessamål är att bygga självkonfigurerande system, d.v.s. system som kan lösa sådanautmaningar utan mänsklig inblandning. Sådana mekanismer kan användas föratt öka systemens öppenhet.Denna avhandling täcker några av utmaningarna i denna utveckling. Enöversikt av den nuvarande situationen ges, med en omfattande genomgångav olika koncept som är relevanta för problemet, inklusive anpassningsmekanismer(inklusive QoS och lastbalansering), mellanprogramvara och relevantadesignansatser (komponentbaserad, modellbaserad och arkitekturell design).En mellanprogramvara är ett mjukvarulager som kan användas i distribueradesystem, med syfte att abstrahera bort fördelning av en applikation överett nätverk, och möjligtvis även andra aspekter, för applikationsutvecklarna.DySCAS-projektet hade utveckling av mellanprogramvara för självkonfigurerbarasystem i bilbranschen som ett huvudmål. Sådan utveckling försvåras avde särskilda krav som ställs på dessa plattformarArbete på implementeringen av en adaptiv mellanprogramvara, DyLite,som tillhandahåller självkonfigurerbarhet till småskaliga mikrokontroller,beskrivs och täcks i detalj. DyLite är en delvis implementering av konceptensom utvecklats i DySCAS.Ett annat område som får särskild fokus är formell modellering av QoSoch resurshantering. Idag beskrivs applikationer i dessa områden inte heltformellt, i varje fall inte i den mån att realtidsaspekter täcks in. Att användaformell modellering skulle utöka möjligheterna för verifiering av inte barasystemfunktionalitet, men även resursutnyttjande, tidsaspekter och andraicke-funktionella krav. Denna avhandling innehåller ett förslag på en formalismsom kan användas för dessa syften.Det återstår många utmaningar innan metodik och verktyg som är användbarai en produktionsmiljö kan erbjudas. Många nyckelproblem i områdetbeskrivs, t.ex. versions- och konfigurationshantering, åtkomststyrning ochintegration av olika verktyg, tillsammans med förslag på framtida arbete iövriga områden som täcks av avhandlingen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH , 2009. , p. xv, 76
Series
Trita-MMK, ISSN 1400-1179 ; 2009:22
Keywords [en]
adaptivity, embedded real-time systems, DySCAS, DyLite, quality of service (QoS), load balancing, resource constraints, model-based design, component-based design, software architecture, adaptive middleware
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11608ISBN: 978-91-7415-495-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-11608DiVA, id: diva2:278272
Presentation
2009-11-19, B242, Department of Machine Design, KTH, Brinellvägen 83, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
DySCASAvailable from: 2009-11-25 Created: 2009-11-24 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Suitability of Dynamic Load Balancing in Resource-Constrained Embedded Systems:  An Overview of Challenges and Limitations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Suitability of Dynamic Load Balancing in Resource-Constrained Embedded Systems:  An Overview of Challenges and Limitations
2008 (English)In: APRES-Proceedings / [ed] Luís Almeida, Sebastian Fischmeister, Insup Lee, Julián Proenza, 2008, p. 55-58Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we discuss the challenges and limitations of applying load balancing to networked and resource constrained embedded systems. The paper proposes a problem formulation and a checklist for guiding design and implementation of load balancing in such systems.

Keywords
Load balancing, distributed systems, networked embedded systems
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10593 (URN)
Conference
Workshop on Adaptive and Reconfigurable Embedded Systems (APRES'08), St. Louis, MO, USA, April 21, 2008
Note
QC 20101028Available from: 2009-06-01 Created: 2009-06-01 Last updated: 2023-07-31Bibliographically approved
2. DyLite: Design, Implementation and Experiences of a Light-Weight Middleware for Adaptive Embedded Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>DyLite: Design, Implementation and Experiences of a Light-Weight Middleware for Adaptive Embedded Systems
Show others...
2009 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Within this document, we introduce the architecture and detailed design of the DyLitemiddleware. DyLite was created at the Mechatronics Lab during fall 2008 and earlyspring 2009 to further validate the configurational aspects of the architectural frameworkproduced within the DySCAS project. The focus of the implementation is to build alow-overhead, simple implementation of the main concepts in the DySCAS referencearchitecture. Its primary purpose is to validate the parts of the DySCAS system closelyrelated to the (re-)configuration algorithms and quality of service (QoS) mechanisms, andas a basis for the demonstrator built on the SAINT truck. DyLite has been developed in thecontext of automotive systems.Following the work on DyLite, it has been confirmed that the DySCAS ideas areimplementable in real middleware. The DyLite implementation is very compact - thefootprint is only 15 kB - which clearly makes it deployable even in very small-scalemicrocontrollers.

Series
TRITA-MMK, ISSN 1400-1179 ; 2009:06
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11586 (URN)ISRN/KTH/MMK/R-09/06-SE (ISRN)
Note

QC 20101028

Available from: 2009-11-20 Created: 2009-11-20 Last updated: 2023-07-31Bibliographically approved
3. Towards Model-Based Engineering of Self-Configuring Embedded Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards Model-Based Engineering of Self-Configuring Embedded Systems
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2010 (English)In: Model-based engineering of embedded real-time systems / [ed] Giese, H; Karsai, G; Lee, E; Rumpe, B; Schatz, B, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2010, 1st Edition, Vol. 6100, p. 345-353Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In self-configuring embedded systems, upgrades, attachment of devices, relocation ofapplications and adjustment of performance parameters can be carried out during run-timefor the purposes of information/function integration, maintenance, performance, resourceefficiency, and robustness. We describe a model-based engineering approach to support thedevelopment of such systems. Essential ingredients include a combined usage of a systemmodel, simulation combined with a number of formal techniques, and run-time models used as a basis for on-line decision making, with the overall goal to ascertain flexible, yet dependable, system behavior.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2010 Edition: 1st Edition
Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743, E-ISSN 1611-3349 ; Volume 6100
National Category
Embedded Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11591 (URN)10.1007/978-3-642-16277-0_17 (DOI)000286443500017 ()2-s2.0-78449245452 (Scopus ID)978-3-642-16276-3 (ISBN)
Conference
International Dagstuhl Workshop on Model-Based Engineering of Embedded Real-Time Systems. Dagstuhl Castle, GERMANY. NOV 04-09, 2007
Note

QC 20120404

Available from: 2009-11-20 Created: 2009-11-20 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
4. A Timed Automata Formalism for Modeling Resource Management and Quality of Service in Real-Time Contexts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Timed Automata Formalism for Modeling Resource Management and Quality of Service in Real-Time Contexts
2009 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Quality of service (QoS) and resource management play important roles in embeddedsystems. In this report, a formalism to describe QoS properties in real-time systemsis presented. The formal model is extensible and can be used to model both resourceavailability and resource needs. The formalism focuses rather on organization andstructuring of data than providing novel analysis techniques. An instantiation of theformalism in the context of DyLite, an adaptive middleware implementation developedat KTH, is explained as a modeling guideline and help to future instantiators of theframework.

Series
Trita-MMK, ISSN 1400-1179 ; 2009:21
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11592 (URN)ISRN/KTH/MMK/R-09/21-SE (ISRN)
Note
QC 20101028Available from: 2009-11-20 Created: 2009-11-20 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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