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Road friction effect on the optimal vehicle control strategy in two critical manoeuvres
KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Farkost och flyg, Fordonsdynamik.
Modelon AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Farkost och flyg, Fordonsdynamik.
Chalmers Univerity of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Visa övriga samt affilieringar
2014 (Engelska)Ingår i: International Journal of Vehicle Safety, ISSN 1479-3105, Vol. 7, nr 2, s. 107-130Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents results on how to optimally negotiate two safety-critical vehicle manoeuvres depending on available actuators and road friction level. The motive for this research has been to provide viable knowledge of limitations of vehicle capability under the presence of environmental preview sensors, such as radar, camera and navigation. An optimal path is in this paper found by optimising the sequence of actuator requests during the two manoeuvres. Particular interest is paid on how the vehicle control strategy depends on friction. This work shows that actuation of forces and torques on and around the vehicle centre of gravity are all approximately scaled with the friction coefficient. However, this pattern is not valid at a wheel individual level, i.e. the optimal force allocation among the wheels differs under different friction conditions. One key is that lower friction level yields lower load transfer which substantially influences the wheel individual tyre force constraints.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
2014. Vol. 7, nr 2, s. 107-130
Nyckelord [en]
Vehicle Control; Actuator; Integrated Motion Control; Road Friction; Optimisation
Nationell ämneskategori
Farkostteknik
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48965DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2014.060145Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84897470574OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-48965DiVA, id: diva2:458988
Anmärkning

Updated from "Submitted" to "Published" QC 20141114

Tillgänglig från: 2011-11-24 Skapad: 2011-11-24 Senast uppdaterad: 2024-03-18Bibliografiskt granskad
Ingår i avhandling
1. Exploring force allocation control of over actuated vehicles
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Exploring force allocation control of over actuated vehicles
2011 (Engelska)Licentiatavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

As the concern for environmental changes and diminishing oil resources grows more and more, the trend of new vehicle concepts now includes full electric or partly electric propulsion systems. The introduction of electric power sources enables more advanced motion control systems due to electrification of the vehicle's actuators, such as individual wheel steering and in wheel hub motors. This can enable a control methodology that uses different chassis control strategies into a system that will be able to fully utilise the vehicle. Due to this, future vehicles can be more optimised with respect to energy consumption, performance and active safety.

Force allocation control is a method that distributes the wheel forces to produce the desired response of the vehicle. In order to evaluate if this methodology can be implemented in future series production vehicles, the aim of this work is to explore how force allocation control can be utilised in a real vehicle to improve vehicle dynamics and safety.

In order to evaluate different approaches for generic vehicle motion control by optimization, modelling and simulation in combination with real vehicle experiments will be needed to fully understand the more complex system, especially when actuator dynamics and limitations are considered. The use of a scale prototype vehicle represents a compromise between development cost, efficiency and accuracy, as it allows realistic experiments without the cost and complexity of full vehicle test. Moreover since the vehicle is unmanned it allows studies of at-the-limit situations, without the safety risks in full vehicle experiments.

A small scale prototype vehicle (Hjulia) has been built and equipped with autonomous corner module functionality that enables individual control of all wheels. A cost effective force allocation control approach has been implemented and evaluated on the prototype vehicle, as well as in vehicle simulation. Results show improvement of stopping distance and vehicle stability of a vehicle during split-m braking. The aspects of vehicle dynamic scaling are also discussed and evaluated, as it is important to know how the control implementation of small scale prototype vehicles compares with full size vehicles. It is shown that there is good comparison between vehicles of different scales, if the vertical gravitational acceleration is adjusted for. In Hjulia, gravity compensation is solved by adding a specific lifting rig.

Studies of vehicles considering optimal path tracking and available actuators are also made to evaluate control solutions of evasive manoeuvres at low and high friction surfaces. Results show differences in how the forces are distributed among the wheels, even though the resulting global forces on the vehicle are approximated to be scaled by friction. Also it is shown that actuator limitations are critical in at-the-limit situations, such as an obstacle avoidance manoeuvre. As a consequence these results will provide good insights to what type of control approach to choose to handle a safety critical situation, depending on available actuators.

The built prototype vehicle with implemented force allocation control has shown to be a useful tool to investigate the potential of control approaches, and it will be used for future research in exploring the benefits of force allocation control.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2011. s. viii, 42
Serie
Trita-AVE, ISSN 1651-7660 ; 2011:80
Nationell ämneskategori
Farkostteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48969 (URN)
Presentation
2011-12-02, Sal V1, KTH, Teknikringen /2, Stockholm, 10:00 (Svenska)
Opponent
Handledare
Anmärkning
QC 20111202Tillgänglig från: 2011-12-02 Skapad: 2011-11-24 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-06-24Bibliografiskt granskad
2. Motion modelling and control strategies of over-actuated vehicles
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Motion modelling and control strategies of over-actuated vehicles
2014 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

With the growing concern for environmental change and uncertain oil resources, the development of new vehicle concepts will in many cases include full or partial electric propulsion. The introduction of more advanced powertrains enables vehicles that can be controlled with a variety of electric actuators, such as wheel hub motors and individual steering. With these actuators, the chassis can be enabled to adjust its properties depending on the driving situation.

Manoeuvring of the vehicle, using for example electric propulsion, braking, suspension, steering and camber control may also allow a variety of combinations which, if properly utilised, can increase the outer limits of vehicle performance and safety. The fact that the vehicle has a greater number of actuators than required to control a certain number of degrees of freedom is called over-actuation. Since there is a great need for energy optimised vehicles, energy efficient control is also required. For this reason, this work is about the allocation of wheel forces can improve safety, performance and energy efficiency in future electrified vehicles in different driving situations.

Studies of optimally controlled vehicles show that performance, safety and efficiency can be improved by utilising available actuators in over-actuated vehicles. Path tracking and optimal actuator control signals are evaluated in evasive manoeuvres at low and high friction surfaces. The results show how the forces are distributed differently among the wheels, even though the resulting global forces on the vehicle are similar. Optimal control of camber angles and active suspension show that vehicle performance and safety can be greatly improved. The limits of tyre forces can be increased and better utilised in a way that a passive system is unable to achieve. Actuator performance is also shown to be important, however even low actuator performance is shown to be sufficient to improve vehicle performance considerably. Energy efficiency is also improved as unnecessary vehicle motions are minimised during normal driving and wheel forces are used in a better way.

Simplified algorithms to control available actuators, such as wheel angles, vertical actuation and propulsion torques, have been developed, based on the analysis of the results of the optimisation studies. Analyses of the impact of these simplifications have been made. For the cases studied, it has been shown that it is possible to get significantly better performance at reasonable levels of actuator performance and control complexity. This helps to simplify the introduction of this technology in electrified vehicles.

Control allocation is a method that distributes the wheel forces to produce the desired response of the vehicle. Simplified control allocation algorithms are proposed that allocate wheel forces in a way that resembles the behaviour of the optimisation solutions. To be able to evaluate the applicability of this methodology for implementation in vehicles, a small-scale prototype vehicle with force allocation control possibilities has been designed and built. The vehicle is equipped with autonomous corner module functionality that enables individual control of all wheels regarding steering, camber, propulsion/braking and vertical loads. Straight-line braking tests show that force allocation can be used in a real vehicle and will enhance performance and stability even at a very basic level, using few sensors with only the actual braking forces as feedback.

In summary, this work has contributed to a better understanding of how the allocation of wheel forces can improve vehicle safety, performance and energy efficiency. Moreover, it has contributed to increased understanding of how vehicle motions should be modelled and simulated, and how control strategies for over-actuated vehicles can be made more suitable for implementation in future electrified vehicles.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2014. s. x, 44
Serie
TRITA-AVE, ISSN 1651-7660 ; 2014:75
Nationell ämneskategori
Farkostteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-155919 (URN)
Disputation
2014-12-03, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH, Stockholm, 09:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Projekt
Generic vehicle motion modelling and control for enhanced driving dynamics and energy management
Anmärkning

Finansierat av SHC, Swedish Hybrid Vehicle Centre. QC 20141114

Tillgänglig från: 2014-11-14 Skapad: 2014-11-14 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-06-23Bibliografiskt granskad

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Edrén, JohannesJonasson, MatsStensson Trigell, Annika

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