kth.sePublications
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Thermodynamic Cycles using Carbon Dioxide as Working Fluid: CO2 transcritical power cycle study
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The interest in utilizing the energy in low‐grade heat sources and waste heat is increasing. There is an abundance of such heat sources, but their utilization today is insufficient, mainly due to the limitations of the conventional power cycles in such applications, such as low efficiency, bulky size or moisture at the expansion outlet (e.g. problems for turbine blades).

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been widely investigated for use as a working fluid in refrigeration cycles, because it has no ozonedepleting potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP). It is also inexpensive, non‐explosive, non‐flammable and abundant in nature. At the same time, CO2 has advantages in use as a working fluid in low‐grade heat resource recovery and energy conversion from waste heat, mainly because it can create a better matching to the heat source temperature profile in the supercritical region to reduce the irreversibility during the heating process. Nevertheless, the research in such applications is very limited.

This study investigates the potential of using carbon dioxide as a working fluid in power cycles for low‐grade heat source/waste heat recovery.

At the beginning of this study, basic CO2 power cycles, namely carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle, carbon dioxide Brayton cycle and carbon dioxide cooling and power combined cycle were simulated and studied to see their potential in different applications (e.g. low‐grade heat source applications, automobile applications and heat and power cogeneration applications). For the applications in automobile industries, low pressure drop on the engine’s exhaust gas side is crucial to not reducing the engine’s performance. Therefore, a heat exchanger with low‐pressure drop on the secondary side (i.e. the gas side) was also designed, simulated and tested with water and engine exhaust gases at the early stage of the study (Appendix 2).

The study subsequently focused mainly on carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle, which has a wide range of applications. The performance of the carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle has been simulated and compared with the other most commonly employed power cycles in lowgrade heat source utilizations, i.e. the Organic Rankin Cycle (ORC). Furthermore, the annual performance of the carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle in utilizing the low‐grade heat source (i.e. solar) has also been simulated and analyzed with dynamic simulation in this work.

Last but not least, the matching of the temperature profiles in the heat exchangers for CO2 and its influence on the cycle performance have also been discussed. Second law thermodynamic analyses of the carbon dioxide transcritical power systems have been completed.

The simulation models have been mainly developed in the software known as Engineering Equation Solver (EES)1 for both cycle analyses and computer‐aided heat exchanger designs. The model has also been connected to TRNSYS for dynamic system annual performance simulations. In addition, Refprop 7.02 is used for calculating the working fluid properties, and the CFD tool (COMSOL) 3 has been employed to investigate the particular phenomena influencing the heat exchanger performance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology(KTH) , 2011. , p. xxii, 128
Series
Trita-REFR, ISSN 1102-0245 ; 11:03
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50261ISBN: 978-91-7501-187-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-50261DiVA, id: diva2:461426
Public defence
2011-12-09, M2, Brinellvägen 64, KTH, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note
QC 20111205Available from: 2011-12-05 Created: 2011-12-04 Last updated: 2022-06-24Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Theoretical research of carbon dioxide power cycle application in automobile industry to reduce vehicle's fuel consumption
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Theoretical research of carbon dioxide power cycle application in automobile industry to reduce vehicle's fuel consumption
2005 (English)In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 25, no 14-15, p. 2041-2053Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The current work discusses means to utilize low-grade small-scale energy in vehicle exhaust gases, to reduce the vehicle's fuel consumption and to make it run more environmental friendly. To utilize the energy in the exhaust gas, a CO2 bottoming system in the vehicle's engine system is proposed. Several basic cycles-according to the different design concepts-are presented, and the efficiencies are calculated using Engineering Equation Solver (EES).1 Several thermodynamic models in EES show that after system optimization, in CO2 Transcritical power cycle with a gas heater pressure of 130 bars and 200 °C expansion inlet temperature, about 20% of energy in the exhaust gas can be converted into useful work. Increasing the pressure in the gas heater to 300 bars and with same expansion inlet temperature, about 12% of exhaust gas energy can be converted. When raising the pressure both in the gas cooler and in the gas heater, the cycle runs completely above the critical point, and the efficiency is about 19%. Besides, in the CO2 combined cycle, the system COP is 2.322 and about 5% of exhaust gas energy can be converted.

Keywords
Brayton cycle, CO2, Efficiency, Transcritical power cycle
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-6007 (URN)10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.02.001 (DOI)000230019600002 ()2-s2.0-19944414348 (Scopus ID)
Note
QC 20101004Available from: 2006-06-16 Created: 2006-06-16 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
2. A comparative study of the carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle compared with an organic rankine cycle with R123 as working fluid in waste heat recovery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A comparative study of the carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle compared with an organic rankine cycle with R123 as working fluid in waste heat recovery
2006 (English)In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 26, no 17-18, p. 2142-2147Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The organic rankine cycle (ORC) as a bottoming cycle1The expression "bottoming cycle" refers to the power cycle that uses waste industrial heat for power generation by supplementing heat from any fossil fuel.1 to convert low-grade waste heat into useful work has been widely investigated for many years. The CO2 transcritical power cycle, on the other hand, is scarcely treated in the open literature. A CO2 transcritical power cycle (CO2 TPC) shows a higher potential than an ORC when taking the behavior of the heat source and the heat transfer between heat source and working fluid in the main heat exchanger into account. This is mainly due to better temperature glide matching between heat source and working fluid. The CO2 cycle also shows no pinch limitation in the heat exchanger. This study treats the performance of the CO2 transcritical power cycle utilizing energy from low-grade waste heat to produce useful work in comparison to an ORC using R123 as working fluid. Due to the temperature gradients for the heat source and heat sink the thermodynamic mean temperature has been used as a reference temperature when comparing both cycles. The thermodynamic models have been developed in EES2EES - Engineering equation solver. The thermodynamic properties for carbon dioxide in EES are calculated by the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Span and W. Wagner, A new equation of state for carbon dioxide covering the fluid region form the triple-point temperature to 1100 K at pressures up to 800 MPa, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 25, No. 6, 1996. http://www.fchart.com/ees/ees.shtml.2 The relative efficiencies have been calculated for both cycles. The results obtained show that when utilizing the low-grade waste heat with the same thermodynamic mean heat rejection temperature, a transcritical carbon dioxide power system gives a slightly higher power output than the organic rankine cycle.

Keywords
CO2; Efficiency; ORC; Transcritical power cycle
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-6008 (URN)10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.04.009 (DOI)000239984400012 ()2-s2.0-33745233798 (Scopus ID)
Note
QC 20100819Available from: 2006-06-16 Created: 2006-06-16 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
3. Dynamic simulation of a solar-driven carbon dioxide transcritical power system for small scale combined heat and power production
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dynamic simulation of a solar-driven carbon dioxide transcritical power system for small scale combined heat and power production
2010 (English)In: Solar Energy, ISSN 0038-092X, E-ISSN 1471-1257, Vol. 84, no 7, p. 1103-1110Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Carbon dioxide is an environmental benign natural working fluid and has been proposed as a working media for a solar-driven power system In the current work, the dynamic performance of a small scale solar-driven carbon dioxide power system is analyzed by dynamic simulation tool TRNSYS 16 (Klein et al., 2004) and Engineering Equation Solver (EES) (Klein, 2004) using co-solving technique Both daily performance and yearly performance of the proposed system have been simulated Different system operating parameters, which will influence the system performance, have been discussed. Under the Swedish climatic condition, the maximum daily power production is about 12 kW h and the maximum monthly power production is about 215 kW h with the proposed system working conditions Besides the power being produced, the system can also produce about 10 times much thermal energy. which can be used for space heating, domestic hot water supply or driving absorption chillers The simulation results show that the proposed system is a promising and environmental benign alternative for conventional low-grade heat source utilization system (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.

Keywords
Carbon dioxide, Solar, Efficiency, Transcritical cycle, Combined heat and power
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-27254 (URN)10.1016/j.solener.2010.03.006 (DOI)000279126500003 ()2-s2.0-77953134028 (Scopus ID)
Note
QC 20101227Available from: 2010-12-27 Created: 2010-12-09 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
4. Second Law Analysis of a Carbon Dioxide Transcritical Power System in Low-grade Heat Source Recovery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Second Law Analysis of a Carbon Dioxide Transcritical Power System in Low-grade Heat Source Recovery
(English)Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Employing Carbon dioxide as a working media in power cycles for low-grade heat source utilization has attracted more and more attentions. However, compared to other well-known cycles that employed in low-grade heat source utilizations, the information about CO2power cycle is still very limited. In the current work, the performance of a CO2power cycle in utilizing the low-grade heat sources is simulated and the results are analyzed with a focus on second law thermodynamics (i.e. exergy and entropy). Different system parameters that influencing the system exergy and entropy change are discussed.

Engineering Equation Solver (EES) is used for simulation. The simulation results show that the matching of the temperature profiles in the system heat exchangers has crucial influences on their exergy destructions and entropy generations. It is also an essential factor that influences the system thermodynamic efficiencies.

Keywords
Carbon dioxide, exergy analysis, transcritical cycle, high pressure pump
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50266 (URN)
Note
QC 20111206Available from: 2011-12-06 Created: 2011-12-04 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
5. Carbon dioxide cooling and power combined cycle for mobile applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Carbon dioxide cooling and power combined cycle for mobile applications
2006 (English)In: Proceedings of 7th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids, 2006Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-6009 (URN)2-913149-48-0 (ISBN)
Conference
7th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids, Trondheim, Norway, May 29-31, 2006
Note
QC 20101124Available from: 2006-06-16 Created: 2006-06-16 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
6. Analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide heat exchangers in cooling process
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide heat exchangers in cooling process
2006 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Carbon dioxide transcritical cycles have become more and more investigated during the last decade. For all systems operating with such a cycle, there will be at least one heat exchanger to either heat or cool the supercritical carbon dioxide. Unlike in the sub-critical region, the supercritical carbon dioxide’s thermophysical properties will have sharp variations in the region close to its critical point. This variation has a significant influence on the shape of the heat exchanger’s temperature profile and the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger. Therefore, the performance of the heat exchanger used for supercritical carbon dioxide cooling or heating process should be evaluated by taking this effect into account. This paper discusses the heat exchangers used for supercritical carbon dioxide refrigeration process including a suction gas heat exchanger in the cycle. Engineering Equation Solver (EES)1 and Refprop 7.02 are used for cycle calculations and for properties calculations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Purdue University Press, 2006
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50263 (URN)
Conference
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 17-20, 2006
Note
QC 20111206Available from: 2011-12-06 Created: 2011-12-04 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
7. Low-grade heat source utilization by carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Low-grade heat source utilization by carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle
2007 (English)In: 2007 Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Summer Heat Transfer Conference - HT 2007 Volume 1, 2007, p. 519-525Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

One way to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and mitigate environmental impact is to utilize low-grade heat sources for power production. In this paper, a transcritical carbon dioxide power cycle is analyzed for its potential in utilizing the low-grade heat sources. Solar thermal is selected as a representative of low-grade heat sources. TRNSYS 16(1) and Engineering Equation Solver (EES)(2) are employed using co-solving technique to analyze the dynamic performance of the proposed system. Both daily performance and annual performance of the proposed system under Swedish climate conditions are simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed system can achieve 8% average thermal efficiency and consequently 2.43 kW average power production during the system working period on a randomly selected summer day with a 30 m(2) solar collector. Over the whole year, the maximum daily power production is about 17 kWh and the maximum monthly power production is about 185 kWh.

National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41100 (URN)10.1115/HT2007-32774 (DOI)000254029000065 ()2-s2.0-43449099448 (Scopus ID)978-0-7918-4274-4 (ISBN)
Conference
7th ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering and Summer Heat Transfer Conference Location: Vancouver, Canada, Date: JUL 08-12, 2007
Available from: 2011-09-27 Created: 2011-09-23 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
8. Theoretical Study of a Carbon Dioxide Double Loop System
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Theoretical Study of a Carbon Dioxide Double Loop System
2007 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In the current research, a carbon dioxide double loop system is proposed. The system contains of two sub systems: a CO2power subsystem and a CO2refrigeration subsystem. The power subsystem is able to utilize the energy from the low-grade heat source to produce power. The power is then transferred to the refrigeration subsystem, partly or totally covering the power consumption of the compressor. Furthermore, it is also possible to take advantage of the temperature glides of both subsystems’ heat rejection processes to produce hot water. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) is employed to analyze the system performance. The results show that the proposed system is a very promising way to provide cooling, heating and hot water in a more efficient way comparing to traditional systems.

National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50264 (URN)
Conference
International Congress of Refrigeration 2007, Beijing
Note
QC 2011206Available from: 2011-12-06 Created: 2011-12-04 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
9. A NOVEL GAS-WATER HEAT EXCHANGER WITH MINICHANNELS
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A NOVEL GAS-WATER HEAT EXCHANGER WITH MINICHANNELS
2009 (English)In: HT2008: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME SUMMER HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE - 2008, VOL 2, NEW YORK: AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS , 2009, p. 157-164Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In the current study, a novel gas water heat exchanger with minichannels is designed, built and tested. The heat exchanger is mainly composed of a number of concentric ring shaped plates, which are made tip of several heat exchanger tubes. The ring shaped plates are arranged in parallel and placed in a shell. The heat exchanger is designed as a counter current heat exchanger with laminar flow on the heat exchanger's shell-side (gas side) and therefore has a very low pressure drop on the shell side. The heat exchanger was tested with water and hot air on its tube-side and shell-side respectively. All the necessary parameters like inlet and outlet temperatures on tube-side and shell-side as well as the pressure drop, flow rate of fluids, etc. were measured. Different existing correlations were used to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and the results were compared with the measured value. The measured results show that the new designed heat exchanger can achieve a good heat transfer performance and also maintain a low pressure drop on shell-side (gas side).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
NEW YORK: AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, 2009
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-30866 (URN)10.1115/HT2008-56150 (DOI)000265637100021 ()2-s2.0-70349113570 (Scopus ID)978-0-7918-4848-7 (ISBN)
Conference
ASME Heat Transfer Summer Conference Jacksonville, FL, AUG 10-14, 2008
Note
QC 20110307Available from: 2011-03-07 Created: 2011-03-04 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
10. The Co2 Transcritical Power Cycle For Low Grade Heat Recovery-Discussion On Temperature Profiles In System Heat Exchangers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Co2 Transcritical Power Cycle For Low Grade Heat Recovery-Discussion On Temperature Profiles In System Heat Exchangers
2012 (English)In: Proceedings of the ASME Power Conference- 2011 Vol 1, ASME Press, 2012, p. 385-392Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle has many advantages in low-grade heat source recovery compared to conventional systems with other working fluids. This is mainly due to the supercritical CO2's temperature profile can match the heat source temperature profile better than other pure working fluids and its heat transfer performance is better than the fluid mixtures, which enables a better cycle efficiency. Moreover, the specific heat of supercritical CO2 will have sharp variations in the region close to its critical point, which will create a concave shape temperature profile in the heat exchanger that used for recovering heat from low-grade heat sources. This brings more advantage to carbon dioxide transcritical power systems in low-grade heat recovery.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ASME Press, 2012
Keywords
pinching, specific heat (CP), internal heatexchanger (IHX), efficiency
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-50265 (URN)10.1115/POWER2011-55075 (DOI)000320008200050 ()2-s2.0-84882637179 (Scopus ID)978-0-7918-4459-5 (ISBN)
Conference
The ASME 2011 Power Conference, POWER2011, July 12-14, 2011, Denver, Colorado, USA
Note

QC 20111206

Available from: 2011-12-06 Created: 2011-12-04 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(2594 kB)21491 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 2594 kBChecksum SHA-512
b934d2b1d542ddc325b08bbb6409c5009dadbc10f83b9101550ab312d9eedfe02eb4e7e0c4721b34017877a72fa494f814054030b449e56267abbf2c342d34b8
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
errata(107 kB)183 downloads
File information
File name ERRATA01.pdfFile size 107 kBChecksum SHA-512
96646450e3ba0ff3beb07429d934a23ffdfa95b7fa4ad29ca38777ed0189b775834014fbc72a8f1a94684b7aadc1edbf8cc7d7e285f2d5a47820887d959b9e5c
Type errataMimetype application/pdf

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Yang, Chen
By organisation
Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration
Energy Engineering

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 21496 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 3271 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf