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Development of a semi-continuous spray process for production of superhydrophobic coatings from supercritical carbon dioxide solutions
KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology.
KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology, Fibre Technology.
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-151443OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-151443DiVA, id: diva2:748758
Note

QS 2014

Available from: 2014-09-22 Created: 2014-09-22 Last updated: 2022-06-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Superhydrophobic coatings of wax and polymers sprayed from supercritical solutions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Superhydrophobic coatings of wax and polymers sprayed from supercritical solutions
2014 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The possibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as the primary solvent in a spray process for producing superhydrophobic surfaces have been examined in this work. Using scCO2 as solvent will have considerably lower environmental impact compared to an organic solvent since scCO2 is considered a green solvent as it is non-toxic, non-flammable and recyclable. To be able to work at the pressures needed to reach the supercritical state of carbon dioxide, a high-pressure technique called rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) has been used to produce the coatings. Fluorinated compounds are often used when producing superhydrophobic coatings due to their intrinsic water repellent properties, but generally these compound do not degrade in nature. Due to this, a wax and a biodegradable polymer have been used as the coating materials in this work.

Two RESS set-ups were used to spray a polymer from solutions of scCO2 and acetone. The first system was based on a continuous flow of the solvent mixture and the polymer particles were collected on silica surfaces. Some of the coatings had superhydrophobic properties and the limitation with this technique was the loss of particles between the nozzle and the surface. In the second set-up, RESS was combined with electrostatic deposition (ED) to improve the particle collection. Different processing parameters were examined and most of the RESS-ED sprayed surfaces were superhydrophobic. This was demonstrated by high contact angles against water, low contact angle hysteresis and low tilt angles at which a water droplet rolls off the surface. It was also shown that the surface structures created when spraying using RESS-ED induced the important two-level roughness that was needed to achieve superhydrophobicity. A semi-continuous process for scaling-up the RESS system when spraying the wax has been developed. Temperature and pressure was investigated to find the highest solubility of the wax in scCO2, and 250 bar and 67 °C resulted in the largest amount of sprayed wax. It was also shown that the system is suitable for spray-coating the wax on different substrates such as glass, paper, aluminium etc. since all of these surfaces showed superhydrophobic properties. The wear resistance of the coatings were examined by different methods. Scratch resistance, vertical compression and the friction between the surface and a finger were analysed. The polymer coated surfaces showed a larger robustness compared with the wax surfaces in the scratch tests. The superhydrophobicity was lost for the wax coatings exposed to compression loads above 59 kPa and in the frictions test, one finger stroke over the coating destroyed the surface roughness. Finally, the wax surfaces were investigated as coating barriers to protect steel from corrosion. The superhydrophobic coating was stable up to 10 days before corrosion of the steel started.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2014. p. ix, 54
Series
TRITA-CHE-Report, ISSN 1654-1081 ; 2014:38
Keywords
superhydrophobic coatings, polymer, wax, supercritical carbon dioxde, RESS
National Category
Polymer Technologies
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-151305 (URN)978-91-7595-268-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2014-10-10, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research , RMA08-0044
Note

QC 20140922

Available from: 2014-09-22 Created: 2014-09-17 Last updated: 2022-06-23Bibliographically approved
2. Fundamentals of Wetting and Mechanical Durability of Superhydrophobic Coatings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fundamentals of Wetting and Mechanical Durability of Superhydrophobic Coatings
2014 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In paper I the friction between three different superhydrophobic surfaces and water drops were investigated using high‑speed video. The surfaces were two based on a hydrophobic wax and the third was the leaf of a Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera). The acceleration of water drops was measured as a function of drop size and surface inclination. For small capillary numbers it was shown that the dissipation was dominated by pinning‑depinning transitions along the trailing contact line. A parameter called the superhydrophobic sliding resistance bsh has been introduced. The motion of drops on superhydrophobic surfaces of a general macroscopic topography can be predicted provided that bsh and the drop size are known. This theory also infers the existence of an equilibrium sliding angle, beq, at which the drop acceleration is zero.

The effect of line‑shaped defects on the motion of water drops on superhydrophobic surfaces were also investigated using high‑speed video in paper II. It was shown that the motion of the drop in the vicinity of the defect can be approximated by a damped harmonic oscillator. Whether a drop got trapped or not while traversing the defect was determined by the incident speed and the characteristics of the oscillator. In systems with low viscous dissipation it is possible to predict the trapping speed as well as the exit speed using a simple work‑energy consideration.

The resistance of wax based superhydrophobic coatings subjected to different types of mechanical damage were investigated in paper III. Scratch tests were performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and rubbing with an index finger. Coatings were also subjected to compression with a silicone rubber stamp. The effect of impacting water drops was also investigated. A load of 12 nN was enough to remove the coating from the substrate. The coatings remained superhydrophobic at compression pressures up to 59 kPa but the superhydrophobic properties were lost after only one stroke with a finger. The coatings resisted at least 200 000 impacts of falling water drops without losing their superhydrophobic properties.

In paper IV superhydrophobic coatings were fabricated in a semi‑continuous process, where an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and sprayed onto the substrate. Several different substrates such as: glass, aluminium, paper, poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) were successfully coated. The most efficient spray process, considering surface properties and mass of extracted AKD, was obtained at the lowest temperature investigated, 67 °C, and the highest pressure evaluated in this study, 25 MPa. The influence of the pre‑expansion conditions (p, T) on the surface temperature (at a spray distance of 3 cm) was also shown to be negligible.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2014. p. xvii, 60
Series
TRITA-CHE-Report, ISSN 1654-1081 ; 2014:58
National Category
Polymer Chemistry Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-156402 (URN)978-91-7595-375-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2014-12-18, D3, Lindstedtsvägen 5, KTH, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20141202

Available from: 2014-12-02 Created: 2014-11-27 Last updated: 2022-06-23Bibliographically approved

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