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Deterioration of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber in rapeseed biodiesel
KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), Fiber- och polymerteknologi.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-7348-0004
KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), Fiber- och polymerteknologi.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-6071-6241
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2015 (Engelska)Ingår i: Polymer degradation and stability, ISSN 0141-3910, E-ISSN 1873-2321, Vol. 111, s. 211-222Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

The deterioration of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) exposed to rapeseed biodiesel at 90 degrees C was studied. The oxidation of biodiesel and NBR during ageing was monitored by H-1 NMR and infrared spectroscopy, HPLC and titration methods. The oxidation of biodiesel was impeded in the presence of NBR, but promoted in biodiesel-exposed rubber. This was explained as being due to the migration of stabilizer from the rubber to biodiesel, the diffusion of dissolved oxygen from biodiesel into NBR and the absorption of oxidation precursors of biodiesel by the rubber. The resemblance between the anomalous sorption kinetics of biodiesel in NBR and the equilibrium benzene uptake by the aged rubbers revealed that biodiesel caused a network defect in NBR, resulting in a gradual increase in the equilibrium swelling. The cleavage of crosslinks was implausible since the Young's modulus of the rubber at low strains, disregarding an initial decrease, increased with increasing exposure time. The appearance of 'naked' carbon black particles in the scanning electron micrographs of the aged rubbers and a drastic decrease in the strain-at-break of NBR after exposure to biodiesel suggests that internal cavitation was caused by the attack of biodiesel on the acrylonitrile units of NBR.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
2015. Vol. 111, s. 211-222
Nyckelord [en]
Biodiesel, Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, Oxidation, Degradation mechanism
Nationell ämneskategori
Polymerkemi
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-161639DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.012ISI: 000348949000025Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84919779987OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-161639DiVA, id: diva2:795770
Anmärkning

QC 20150317

Tillgänglig från: 2015-03-17 Skapad: 2015-03-13 Senast uppdaterad: 2024-03-15Bibliografiskt granskad
Ingår i avhandling
1. Degradation of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and fluoroelastomers in rapeseed biodiesel and hydrogenated vegetable oil
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Degradation of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and fluoroelastomers in rapeseed biodiesel and hydrogenated vegetable oil
2017 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

Biodiesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) are currently viewed by the transportation sector as the most viable alternative fuels to replace petroleum-based fuels. The use of biodiesel has, however, been limited by the deteriorative effect of biodiesel on rubber parts in automobile fuel systems. This work therefore aimed at investigating the degradation of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and fluoroelastomers (FKM) on exposure to biodiesel and HVO at different temperatures and oxygen concentrations in an automated ageing equipment and a high-pressure autoclave. The oxidation of biodiesel at 80 °C was promoted by an increase in the oxygen partial pressure, resulting in the formation of larger amounts of hydroperoxides and acids in the fuel. The fatty acid methyl esters of the biodiesel oxidized less at 150 °C on autoclave aging, because the termination reactions between alkyl and alkylperoxyl radicals dominated over the initiation reactions. HVO consists of saturated hydrocarbons, and remained intact during the exposure. The NBR absorbed a large amount of biodiesel due to fuel-driven internal cavitation in the rubber, and the uptake increased with increasing oxygen partial pressure due to the increase in concentration of oxidation products of the biodiesel. The absence of a tan δ peak (dynamical mechanical measurements) of the bound rubber and the appearance of carbon black particles devoid of rubber suggested that the cavitation was caused by the detachment of bound rubber from particle surfaces. A significant decrease in the strain-at-break and in the Payne-effect amplitude of NBR exposed to biodiesel was explained as being due to the damage caused by biodiesel to the rubber-carbon-black network. During the high-temperature autoclave ageing, the NBR swelled less in biodiesel, and showed a small decrease in the strain-at-break due to the cleavage of rubber chains. The degradation of NBR in the absence of carbon black was due only to biodiesel-promoted oxidative crosslinking. The zinc cations released by the dissolution of zinc oxide particles in biodiesel promoted reduction reactions in the acrylonitrile part of the NBR. Heat-treated star-shaped ZnO particles dissolved more slowly in biodiesel than the commercial ZnO nanoparticles due to the elimination of inter-particle porosity by heat treatment. The fuel sorption was hindered in HVO-exposed NBR by the steric constraints of the bulky HVO molecules. The extensibility of NBR decreased only slightly after exposure to HVO, due to the migration of plasticizer from the rubber. The bisphenol-cured FKM co- and terpolymer swelled more than the peroxide-cured GFLT-type FKM in biodiesel due to the chain cleavage caused by the attack of biodiesel on the double bonds formed during the bisphenol curing. The FKM rubbers absorbed biodiesel faster, and to a greater extent, with increasing oxygen concentration. It is suggested that the extensive biodiesel uptake and the decrease in the strain-at-break and Young’s modulus of the FKM terpolymer was due to dehydrofluorination of the rubber by the coordination complexes of biodiesel and magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide particles. An increase in the CH2-concentration of the extracted FKM rubbers suggested that biodiesel was grafted onto the FKM at the unsaturated sites resulting from dehydrofluorination.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2017. s. 63
Serie
TRITA-CHE-Report, ISSN 1654-1081 ; 2017:9
Nyckelord
Degradation; Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber; Fluoroelastomers; Biodiesel; Hydrotreated vegetable oil; Cavitation; Bound rubber; Dehydrofluorination.
Nationell ämneskategori
Polymerteknologi
Forskningsämne
Fiber- och polymervetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-202422 (URN)978-91-7729-274-6 (ISBN)
Disputation
2017-03-31, F3, 10:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Anmärkning

QC 20170227

Tillgänglig från: 2017-02-27 Skapad: 2017-02-24 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-09-06Bibliografiskt granskad

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Akhlaghi, ShahinHedenqvist, Mikael S.Gedde, Ulf W.

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Polymer degradation and stability
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