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Bulk Hydrophobic Civil Engineering Concrete for Nordic Conditions: Freeze Thaw Action
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures. RISE CBI, Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Drottning Kristinas väg 26, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7820-4052
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1526-9331
RISE CBI, Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Drottning Kristinas väg 26, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5901-1586
Cementa AB, Sweden.
2019 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Concrete is a composite building material which long term function can be modified for example by changing the water to cement ratio (w/c) or by adding in other chemical admixtures to change the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. The overall goal of this study is to reduce the water absorption capacity of the cement paste/microstructure by at least 85 %. This is achieved by using bulk hydrophobic agents in the mixing phase rather than post hardened surface application. Numerous commercial agents and vegetable oils were tested and showed promising results at a dosage equal to 3% of cement weight. This though affected compressive strengths negatively. As these concretes will be exposed to Nordic winter conditions, the concrete should perform well under repeated salt water freezing and thawing. This continued study will show how a selection of these bulk hydrophobic concretes performed during this part of the study. The concrete has a w/c = 0.4 with a cement content (CEM I) of 430 kg/m3.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The International Federation for Structural Concrete, 2019. p. 2044-2051
Keywords [en]
Bulk hydrophobic concrete, siloxanes, vegetable oils, freeze thaw action, thin section analysis
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261190Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85066107127OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-261190DiVA, id: diva2:1357009
Conference
fib Symposium 2019, Concrete - Innovations in Materials, Design and Structures, May, 27-29, 2019, Krakow, Poland
Note

Duplicate in Scopus 2-s2.0-85134806605

QC 20191008

Available from: 2019-10-02 Created: 2019-10-02 Last updated: 2023-07-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Material Properties of Bulk Hydrophobic Concrete in a Nordic Environment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Material Properties of Bulk Hydrophobic Concrete in a Nordic Environment
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Concrete in its unaltered form allows the mass transfer of fluids into and out of its microstructure. These fluids can contain detrimental solutes which change the chemistry of the cement paste and/or the corrosion properties of the reinforcement bars, most noticeably hydrogen carbonates (HCO3-), oxygen (O2) and chloride ions (Cl-). Water and its solutions containing salts, mostly sodium chloride (NaCl), can also cause physical damage due to phase changes (freezing and thawing). 

External application of hydrophobic agents onto the cement paste surface is a well-known method to alter the mass transfer at this interface. Bulk application of hydrophobic agents in ready mixed concrete is also a possible route but alters the entire cement paste.

This thesis presents relevant aspects concerning the use of bulk hydrophobic agents in concrete within a spectrum water to cement ratio   (w/c) = 0.40-0.50. The main focus was on triacylglycerides (TAG) and alkyl alkoxysilanes (“silanes”) with application rates 1-3% based on cement weight. 

Alterations to the compressive strengths have been observed and documented over a three-year period. The relative drop in mechanical strength is inversely proportional to w/c. The higher the addition rate, the lower the compressive strength. Chemical differences within the hydrophobic groupings (TAG or “silanes”) resulted in different outcomes. This was most noticeable in the water absorption, compressive strengths and chloride diffusion. 

Freeze thaw testing did show noticeable differences, the use of “silanes” was detrimental in these tests even in deionsed water. The exact mechanism is unknown, but thin section analysis shows a lack of air entrainer (even when added on the fresh concrete mix) and extensive cracking in the entire cement paste. The scaling in concrete with TAGs was smaller but needs further improving. 

The main properties intended with these agents were the ability to alter the mass transfer of water or solutions into the cement paste. Capillary suction and diffusion were examined. Increasing the w/c reduces the effectiveness of the hydrophobic agents to resist water uptake. This was seen in capillary suction and uni-directional chloride diffusion testing.

Processed TAGs were more effective in reducing chloride diffusion than the unprocessed chemical whereas, in some cases, the “silanes” actually increased the amount of chloride ions transferred into the cement paste. Only a slight positive effect can be seen at the lower inclusion rate (1%). Increasing the w/c reduces the resistance to chloride ion diffusion with the same dosage rate. 

A field test station close to vehicular traffic was also established in 2018 and 2019, but the specimens have not been tested at this point in time. It is hoped that these and other future studies will lead to a complete PhD project.

Abstract [sv]

Betong i sin oförändrade form tillåter masstransport av vätskor i och ur dess mikrostruktur. Dessa vätskor kan innehålla skadliga lösta ämnen som förändrar cementpastans kemi och/eller korrosionsegenskaperna hos armeringsjärnen, framför allt vätekarbonater (HCO3-), syre (O2) och kloridjoner (Cl-). Vatten och dess lösningar som innehåller salter, mestadels natriumklorider (NaCl), kan till och med orsaka fysisk skada på grund av fasförändringar (frysning och upptining).

Extern applicering av hydrofoba medel på cementpastans yta är en välkänd metod för att ändra masstransport genom denna gränsyta.

Bulkapplicering av hydrofoba medel i färdigblandad betong är också en möjlig väg, och resulterar i förändringar i hela cementpastan.

Denna licentiatavhandling presenterar relevanta aspekter rörande användningen av bulk-hydrofoba medel i betong inom intervall av vattencementtal = 0,40-0,50 (vct). Huvudfokus låg på triacylglyceroler (TAG) och alkyl-alkoxisilaner (”silaner”) med inblandning 1-3 % baserat på cementvikt.

Förändringar av tryckhållfasthet har observerats och dokumenterats under en treårsperiod. Den relativa reduktionen i mekanisk hållfasthet är omvänt proportionell mot vct. Ju högre tillsatsmängd i cementpastan desto lägre tryckhållfasthet. Kemiska skillnader inom de hydrofoba grupperna (TAG eller "silaner") resulterade i olika resultat. Detta var mest märkbart i vattenabsorption, tryckhållfasthet och kloriddiffusion.

Frysprovning visade märkbara skillnader, användningen av "silaner" var skadlig i dessa tester även i avjoniserat vatten. Den exakta mekanismen är okänd, men tunnslipsanalys visar på brist på luftporbildare (även om den tillsätts i stora mängder i den färska betongblandningen) och omfattande sprickbildning i hela cementpastan. Avskalningen i betong med TAG var mindre men behöver ytterligare förbättras.

De huvudsakliga egenskaperna avsedda med dessa medel var förmågan att förändra masstransport av vatten eller lösningar till cementpastan. Kapillärsugning och diffusion undersöktes. Att öka vct minskar effektiviteten hos de hydrofoba medlen för att motstå vattenupptagning. Detta sågs vid kapillärsugning och enkelriktad kloriddiffusionsprovning.

Raffinerade TAG:er var effektivare att minska kloriddiffusion än den oraffinerade, medan "silanerna" i visa fall faktiskt ökade mängden kloridjoner som överfördes inne i cementpastan. Något positiva effekt kan ses vid den lägre inkluderingstillsatsen (1 %). Att öka vct minskar motståndet mot kloridjondiffusion.

En fältteststation intill fordonstrafik etablerades också 2018 och 2019 men provkropparna har inte testats vid denna tidpunkt. Förhoppningen är att dessa och andra framtida studier ska leda till ett komplett doktorandprojekt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 84
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2312
Keywords
alkyl alkoxysilane, capillary suction, chloride ingress, concrete, hydrophobic agents, triacylglycerides
National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324989 (URN)978-91-8040-520-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-04-21, B26, Brinellvägen 23, KTH, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67403522553, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), 383Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 2017/57524Swedish Transport Administration, 2017/57524
Note

QC 230330

Available from: 2023-03-30 Created: 2023-03-26 Last updated: 2023-03-30Bibliographically approved

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Rogers, PatrickSilfwerbrand, JohanGram, Annika

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