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Comparison of Fuel Filters and Adsorption Filters for Metal Carboxylate Separation
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.). (Internal combustion engine group)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9941-8137
KTH.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7460-4232
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2021 (English)In: 15th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles / [ed] SAE International, SAE mobilus, 2021, p. 1-10, article id 2021-24-0064Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Heavy-duty transportation accounts for significant part of the greenhouse gas emissions. Currently the most common powertrain for long-haul trucks is compression-ignited engines. In order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of these engines, renewable fuels, such as biodiesel can be used. Today biodiesel is used as a drop-in fuel, however when biodiesel is mixed with conventional diesel, soft particles may form. Soft particles have been identified as a mixture of insoluble impurities and degradation products in the fuel. These soft particles can lead to deposits in the injection and fuel filtration system, leading to reduced engine performance. In this paper, zinc-neodecanoate and soft particles from the degradation of biodiesel is studied. In both cases, the emphasis is on soap type contaminants. Zinc-neodecanoate has shown to lead to nozzle fouling, while soft particles from degradation of biodiesel have been found in diesel fuel filters. This study examines four different type of fuel filters to estimate separation efficiency of zinc-neodecanoate in current vehicles. In addition, adsorption filtration is examined to see its potential for vehicle application. The separation efficiency of the adsorption filter is compared to currently used filter sheets. The filtration has been conducted on a custom-built filter rig, while the efficiency of filtration is examined by the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Adsorption filters showed a good potential for the removal of soap type soft particles. The data collected in this study show promising results for adsorption filters. The results indicate the necessity of continued testing in a full-scale fuel system to further investigate the applicability of adsorption filters. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAE mobilus, 2021. p. 1-10, article id 2021-24-0064
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301855DOI: 10.4271/2021-24-0064Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85116059299OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-301855DiVA, id: diva2:1593729
Conference
15th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles
Note

QC 20210914

Available from: 2021-09-13 Created: 2021-09-13 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Filtration of soft particles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Filtration of soft particles
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The transportation industry relies heavily on fossil fuels, a dependency that isnot sustainable for the future. The easiest way to change this dynamics is to userenewable fuels, such as biodiesel or hydrotreated vegetable oils, which can be usedas drop-in fuel or blends, without engine modifications. However, when differentfuels are mixed, unwanted precipitation may occur. The precipitates produced bythis process are referred to as soft particles. These soft particles have previouslybeen pinpointed to cause fuel system problems such as nozzle fouling, internal dieselinjector deposits or even fuel filter plugging. These problems will eventually allcause deterioration of engine performance, higher fuel consumption and increasedemissions.This thesis aims to evaluate the possibility for providing a solution to theproblems caused by soft particles through advanced fuel filtration. In order to do so,an initial study was done to investigate the effect of metal carboxylates on nozzlefouling through engine tests. In these tests, fuel solubility and nozzle geometry wereinvestigated. To understand the challenges in filtration, a detailed analysis wasdone on plugged fuel filters. This study helps to better understand the compositionof the soft particles. Following these initial studies, efforts were made to replicatesoft particles under laboratory conditions, resulting in a method to synthesise softparticles through the degradation of fuel. Finally, a custom-built small-scale fuelfilter rig was developed, in order to test different fuel filters. Using the fuel filter rig,the potential of currently available fuel filters was evaluated. The materials of thefuel filters were also analysed. Finally, alternative filtration methods were evaluatedfor vehicle applications such as membrane filters and adsorption filters.As a result of these efforts, a mechanism for continuous injector deposit build-upand removal was proposed. Soft particles were identified as a mixture of insolubleorganic contamination. Particular attention was given to calcium soaps with polargroups at both ends of the molecule, specifically calcium methyl azelate. A gaschromatography mass spectroscopy method was developed to quantify this soaptype. The experiments on the filtration rig showed that the fuel filters with glassmicrofibre in their upstream layer proved to be slightly beneficial for soft particleremoval. From the perspective of alternative filtration methods, an adsorption filterproved to be of great interest for further studies in vehicle applications.

Abstract [sv]

Transportindustrin förlitar sig i stor utsträckning på fossila bränslen, ett beroende som inte är hållbart för framtiden. Det enklaste sättet för att ändra den dynamiken är användningen av förnybara bränslen, som biodiesel eller hydrerade vegetabiliska oljor som kan användas utan att behöva ändra motorerna. När olika bränslen blandas kan däremot oönskade utfällningar uppkomma. De utfällningar som genom denna process uppkommer refereras till som mjuka partiklar. Dessa mjuka partiklar har tidigare fastställts orsaka problem i bränslesystem som nedsmutsning av bränslemunstycke, interna dieselinsprutningsavlagringar eller till och med att bränslefiltret blir igentäppt. Gemensamt för dessa problem är att de leder till en försämrad prestanda av motorn, högre bränsleförbrukning samt ökade avgasutsläpp. Den här avhandlingen syftar till att utvärdera möjligheten till en möjlig lösning på problemen skapade av mjuka partiklar genom avancerad bränslefiltrering. För att kunna göra det genomfördes en initial studie för att undersöka effekten av metallkarbonat på nedsmutsning av munstycken genom motortester. I dessa experiment har bränslelöslighet och munstyckets geometri undersökts. För att förstå förändringarna i filtreringen har en detaljerad analys genomförts på igentäppta bränslefilter. Analysen bidrog till en ökad förståelse för sammansättningen av mjuka partiklar. Efter inledande experiment gjordes försök att återskapa mjuka partiklar i en klinisk miljö. Det resulterade i en metod för att syntetisera mjuka partiklar genom åldring av bränsle. Slutligen utvecklades en specialbyggd småskalig bränslefiltreringsrigg för att kunna utvärdera olika bränslefilter. Genom att använda riggen kunde potentialen för tillgängliga filter utvärderas. Även filtrens material analyserades. Slutligen utvärderades alternativa filtreringsmetoder för fordonstillämpningar såsom membranfilter och adsorptionsfilter. Som ett resultat togs en mekanism som beskriver kontinuerlig uppbyggnad och avlägsnande av insprutningsavlagringar. Mjuka partiklar identifierades som en blandning av olösliga organiska föroreningar. Särskilt fokus ägnades åt kalciumtvålar med polära grupper i båda ändarna av molekylen, specifikt kalciumetylacetat. En gaskromatografimasspektroskopimetod utvecklades för att kvantifiera dessa. Experimenten med bränslefiltreringsriggen visade att bränslefilter med glasmikrofiber var fördelaktiga för borttagning av mjuka partiklar. Ur perspektivet för alternativa filtreringsmetoder visade sig adsorptionsfilter vara av stort intresse för framtida studier gällande fordonsapplikationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 190
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021:38
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301858 (URN)978-91-7873-971-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-10-08, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66981289102, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Available from: 2021-09-16 Created: 2021-09-13 Last updated: 2025-03-14Bibliographically approved

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Csontos, BotondBernemyr, Hanna

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