This chapter begins by providing a schematic review of the neurophysiological background for the development of a set of capacities e.g. cognitive flexibility, meta awareness and emotional regulation. This includes a brief account of the evidence based scientific studies showing that we can change—i.e. that the adult human brain is plastic enough. We have our biological set up, and it is probably a pre-requisite that we are getting to know our limitations as well as our possibilities, in order to perform the changes that are warranted. Then we turn to the question of how to bring about such changes. In this chapter we examine the changes that regular mental training in the form of meditation can have on the adult brain and behavior.