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Persisting Salivary IgG Against SARS-CoV-2 at 9 Months After Mild COVID-19: A Complementary Approach to Population Surveys
Karolinska Inst, Dept Dent Med, Alfred Nobels Alle 8, S-14104 Stockholm, Sweden..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Affinity Proteomics. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Affinity Proteomics. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0880-5375
Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, Stockholm, Sweden.;Karolinska Inst, Dept Med, Stockholm, Sweden..
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 0022-1899, E-ISSN 1537-6613, Vol. 224, no 3, p. 407-414Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background. Declining humoral immunity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and possible reinfection have raised concern. Mucosal immunity, particularly salivary antibodies, may be short lived although long-term studies are lacking. Methods. Using a multiplex bead-based array platform, we investigated antibodies specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins in 256 saliva samples from convalescent patients 1-9 months after symptomatic COVID-19 (n = 74, cohort 1), undiagnosed individuals with self-reported questionnaires (n = 147, cohort 2), and individuals sampled prepandemic (n = 35, cohort 3). Results. Salivary IgG antibody responses in cohort 1 (mainly mild COVID-19) were detectable up to 9 months postrecovery, with high correlations between spike and nucleocapsid specificity. At 9 months, IgG remained in blood and saliva in most patients. Salivary IgA was rarely detected at this time point. In cohort 2, salivary IgG and IgA responses were significantly associated with recent history of COVID-19-like symptoms. Salivary IgG tolerated temperature and detergent pretreatments. Conclusions. Unlike SARS-CoV-2 salivary IgA that appeared short lived, specific saliva IgG appeared stable even after mild COVID-19, as for blood serology. This noninvasive saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 antibody test with home self-collection may be a complementary alternative to conventional blood serology.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press (OUP) , 2021. Vol. 224, no 3, p. 407-414
Keywords [en]
antibody, convalescence, COVID-19, immunoassay, saliva, serology
National Category
Infectious Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300852DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab256ISI: 000685249700005PubMedID: 33978762Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85113293648OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-300852DiVA, id: diva2:1598056
Note

Correction in Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 227, issue. 4, pages 603. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiac121, Scopus:2-s2.0-85158911277

QC 20210929

Available from: 2021-09-28 Created: 2021-09-28 Last updated: 2023-09-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Autoantibody profiling in autoimmune diseases
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Autoantibody profiling in autoimmune diseases
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Autoimmune disease diagnosis and definition of prognosis can be challenging. Patients with the same autoimmune disease could present with very heterogeneous symptoms. Therefore, there is a need to understand the disease better to improve patients’ diagnosis, and classification, and tailor the treatment. Autoantibodies are a hallmark of many autoimmune diseases. They are antibodies produced by B cells and targeting self-antigens. Autoantibodies could be useful as diagnostic and prognostic markers of autoimmune disease.

Protein arrays enable multiplex and high-throughput profiling of autoantibodies, therefore representing a good tool for autoantibody markers discovery and validation. This thesis presents the work performed to study autoantibodies in ANCA Associated Vasculitis (AAV) and Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) by employing planar and bead-based antigen arrays. Moreover, this thesis also includes the work done to optimize the application of a multiplex serology assay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in saliva.

In paper 1, we aimed to perform a broad autoantibody profiling in serum samples of AAV patients to search for new autoantibodies associated with the disease or disease subgroups and activity. The main result is related to the identification of anti-KIF5C antibodies at high prevalence in anti-MPO-positive patients and patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Anti-KIF4A also showed a higher prevalence in anti-MPO positive and MPA patients.

In Paper 2 an in-depth autoantibody profiling was performed to identify autoantibodies as candidates for future relapse prediction in the plasma of AAV patients. We tested samples from patients classified as long-term remission-off-therapy (LTROT) and patients suffering future flares. Nine autoantibodies were found with higher reactivity in the relapse group. Among these, anti-ATF3 antibodies had increased reactivity in patients with kidney and ENT symptoms.

In paper 3, plasma samples from SSc patients and controls were tested to detect autoantibodies associated with fibrosis. We identified eleven autoantibodies with increased prevalence in patients with systemic sclerosis compared to the control group. Eight of these autoantibodies are new in the context of systemic sclerosis and all bind to proteins that are involved in fibrosis. Among these, the anti-AKT3 was shown to be more reactive in patients with skin and lung fibrosis and anti-PIP4K2B in patients that were negative for the available diagnostic marker.

Finally, in paper 4, a multiplex bead-based array serological assay was optimized to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2–specific IgG and IgA in saliva samples. This method was developed to measure antibodies, using SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins.

In conclusion, the described work shows the application of the protein array technology to identify (auto)antibodies in different body fluids and within autoimmune diseases and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we have identified autoantibody targets that are worth further investigation for their usefulness in better understanding some autoimmune conditions.

Abstract [sv]

Autoimmuna sjukdomar diagnos och definition av prognos kan vara utmanande. Patienter med samma autoimmuna sjukdom kan uppvisa mycket heterogena symtom. Därför finns det ett behov av att förstå sjukdomen bättre för att förbättra patienternas diagnostik, bättre klassificering av patienter och skräddarsydd behandling. Autoantikroppar är ett kännetecken för många autoimmuna sjukdomar. De är antikroppar som produceras av B-celler och riktar sig mot självantigener. Autoantikroppar kan vara användbara som diagnostiska och prognostiska markörer för autoimmun sjukdom.

Proteinmatriser möjliggör multiplex och högkapacitetsprofilering av autoantikroppar, och representerar därför ett bra verktyg för upptäckt och validering av autoantikroppsmarkörer. I den presenterade avhandlingen utfördes arbetet med att studera autoantikroppar i ANCA Associated Vasculitis (AAV) och Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) genom att använda plana och kulbaserade antigenarrayer. Dessutom inkluderar denna avhandling också det arbete som gjorts för att optimera tillämpningen av en multiplex serologisk analys för detektion av anti-SARS-CoV-2 antikroppar i saliv.

I artikel 1 syftade vi till att utföra en bred autoantikroppsprofilering i serumprover av AAV-patienter för att söka efter nya autoantikroppar associerade med sjukdomen eller sjukdomens undergrupper och aktivitet. Huvudresultatet är relaterat till identifiering av anti-KIF5C-antikroppar med hög prevalens hos anti-MPO-positiva patienter och hos patienter med mikroskopisk polyangit (MPA). Anti-KIF4A visade också en högre prevalens hos anti-MPO-positiva och MPA-patienter.

I artikel 2 utfördes en djupgående profilering av autoantikroppar för att identifiera autoantikroppar som kandidater för framtida återfallsförutsägelse i plasma från AAV-patienter. Vi testade prover från patienter som klassificerats som långvarig remission-off-terapi (LTROT) och patienter som lider av framtida flare. Nio autoantikroppar hittades med högre reaktivitet i återfallsgruppen. Bland dessa hade anti-ATF3-antikroppar ökad reaktivitet hos patienter med njure och ÖNH-symtom.

I artikel 3 testades plasmaprover från SSc-patienter och kontroller för att detektera autoantikroppar associerade med fibros. Vi identifierade elva autoantikroppar med ökad prevalens hos patienter med systemisk skleros jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Åtta av dessa autoantikroppar är nya i samband med systemisk skleros och alla binder till proteiner som är involverade i fibros. Bland dessa visade sig anti-AKT3 vara mer reaktiv hos patienter med hud- och lungfibros och anti-PIP4K2B hos patienter som var negativa för den tillgängliga diagnostiska markören.

Slutligen i papper 4 optimerades multiplex pärlor-baserad array-teknologi för att detektera anti-SARS-CoV-2-specifika IgG och IgA i salivprover. Denna metod utvecklades för att mäta antikroppar, med hjälp av SARS-CoV-2-spik och nukleokapsidproteiner.

Sammanfattningsvis visar det beskrivna arbetet tillämpningen av protein array-teknologin för att identifiera (auto)antikroppar i olika kroppsvätskor och i synnerhet inom autoimmunitet, men även SARS-CoV-2-infektion. Dessutom har vi identifierat autoantikroppsmål som är värda ytterligare undersökning för deras användbarhet för att bättre förstå vissa autoimmuna tillstånd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 94
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:14
Keywords
Autoimmunity, Autoantibodies, Vasculitis, Systemic Sclerosis, affinity proteomics
National Category
Medical Biotechnology Medical and Health Sciences
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326737 (URN)978-91-8040-552-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-02, Atrium, Nobels väg 12B, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62108388936, Solna, 13:00 (English)
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Note

QC 2023-05-11

Available from: 2023-05-11 Created: 2023-05-09 Last updated: 2023-05-26Bibliographically approved

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Bayati, ShaghayeghHellström, CeciliaHober, SophiaMånberg, AnnaNilsson, PeterPin, Elisa

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