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Online question and answer sessions: How students support their own and other students' processes of inquiry in a text-based learning environment
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning, Digital Learning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9446-5831
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning, Digital Learning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9984-6561
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning, Digital Learning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8200-6021
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning, Digital Learning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5222-970X
2021 (English)In: The Internet and higher education, ISSN 1096-7516, E-ISSN 1873-5525, Vol. 51, article id 100817Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Online tutoring has been found to have a positive impact on student learning in STEM education. The aim of this study was to explore how and to what extent students supported their own and other students' processes of inquiry during online tutoring. More specifically, question and answer sessions (Q&As) were studied, and online tutoring transcripts were analyzed using the Relationship of Inquiry coding scheme adapted from the Community of Inquiry framework. The students interacted voluntarily with each other and with the teachers. The results show that the students supported both their own process of inquiry as well as other students' process of inquiry. Furthermore, the results indicate that students acquired metacognitive development through self- and coregulation when they expressed teaching presence. Overall, we conclude that Q&As have the potential to support student learning when working on assignments in STEM education.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2021. Vol. 51, article id 100817
Keywords [en]
Community of Inquiry, Metacognition, Online tutoring, Teaching presence, Transcript, analysis, Q&A
National Category
Educational Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303042DOI: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2021.100817ISI: 000696502300002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85108608137OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-303042DiVA, id: diva2:1602971
Note

QC 20211014

Available from: 2021-10-14 Created: 2021-10-14 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Spontaneous online tutoring: Students’ support of their own and other students’ process of inquiry in online text-based tutoring
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spontaneous online tutoring: Students’ support of their own and other students’ process of inquiry in online text-based tutoring
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The use of online technologies has made education more accessible. In online education, there are increased expectations for students to be self-directed and take responsibility for their learning. Research has also shown that students can benefit from learning from each other. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how students support their own and other students’ process of inquiry in online text-based tutoring sessions. To enable the analysis of the conversations, a coding scheme for transcript analysis of online tutoring was introduced based on the Relationship of Inquiry framework, which is an adaptation of the Community of Inquiry framework.

This thesis consists of four papers. The first paper focuses on the development of the RoI coding scheme, which is used in two of the following papers. In the second paper, the coding scheme is further revised regarding the aspect of students’ teaching presence and how it connects to students’ support of their own and other students’ inquiry process. In the third paper, students’ support of their own and other students’ process of inquiry in online text-based tutoring sessions is studied further, and their messages are analyzed with the revised coding scheme. The fourth paper adopts an inductive approach and analyzes how students take responsibility for their own and their peers’ problem-solving through thematic analysis. 

The findings show that in online tutoring sessions, students may spontaneously take on the role of a tutor. Through their expressions of teaching presence by, for example, explaining their issues and their previous steps, or answering other students’ questions and giving suggestions, students support their own as well as other students’ inquiry process. The findings indicate that students acquire metacognitive development, through self- and co-regulation, with their expressions of teaching and cognitive presence. Furthermore, the findings show that the coding scheme with fixed categories may not show the full picture of interactions in an online learning environment. Additional analysis reveals that students’ expressions focus on different levels of learning while supporting the problem-solving process. Lastly, this thesis offers guidance on how to create online tutoring sessions where students take responsibility for their learning and are encouraged to help one another. 

Abstract [sv]

Användning av digital teknik har bidragit till att utbildning blivit alltmer tillgängligt. Digital utbildning har ökat förväntan på elever och studenter att vara självreglerande och ta ett större ansvar för sitt lärande. Forskning har också visat att elever och studenter kan gynnas av att lära tillsammans med andra. Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att utforska hur elever och studenter stödjer sitt eget och andras lärande vid textbaserad handledning via internet. För att analysera konversationerna utvecklades ett kodningsschema för analys av handledning via internet baserat på ramverket ”Relationship of Inquiry”, som är en anpassning av det teoretiska ramverket ”Community of Inquiry”.

 Avhandlingen inkluderar fyra artiklar. Den första artikeln fokuserar på utvecklandet av kodningsschemat för ”Relationship of Inquiry”, som senare används i två av de kommande artiklarna. I den andra artikeln vidareutvecklas kodningsschemat för att inkludera elevers uttryck av ”Teaching presence”, samt hur dessa uttryck är relaterade till hur elever stödjer sig själva och andra elever vid problemlösning. Den tredje artikeln fokuserar än mer på hur studenter stödjer sitt eget och andra studenters problemlösning vid textbaserad handledning via internet, där deras meddelanden analyserades med det uppdaterade kodningsschemat. Den fjärde artikeln använder i stället en induktiv ansats. Tematisk analys används för att analysera hur studenter tar ansvar för sin egen och andra studenters problemlösning.

Resultaten visar att elever och studenter spontant tar sig an rollen som handledare. I deras meddelanden där de beskriver vilket problem de har och vad de redan testat eller svarar på andra frågor och bidrar med förslag, uppvisar elever och studenter att de stödjer både sitt egna och andras lärande. Detta demonstrerar att elever och studenter genom att ta ansvar för lärandet i handlarsessionerna kan uppnå metakognitiv utveckling genom själv- och samreglering. Vidare pekar resultaten på att ett kodningsschema med fasta kategorier inte alltid fångar alla delar av den interaktion som sker vid textbaserad handledning via internet. Den tematiska analysen visar att studenter fokuserar på olika aspekter och nivåer av förståelse och lärande medan de stödjer problemlösningen. Avslutningsvis ger denna avhandling råd om hur handledning via internet kan genomföras för att skapa möjlighet för studenter att ta ansvar för sitt eget lärande och uppmuntra studenter att hjälpa varandra.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. IX, 80
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2023:10
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325080 (URN)978-91-8040-521-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-04-24, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64916196179, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-03-31 Created: 2023-03-28 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved

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Jansson, MalinHrastinski, StefanStenbom, StefanEnoksson, Fredrik

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