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An experimental device for measuring radial flow velocity profiles of yield stress fluids
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Resources, Energy and Infrastructure.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0958-7181
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics. Skanska Sweden AB.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3981-447X
2021 (English)In: Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, ISSN 0955-5986, E-ISSN 1873-6998Article in journal (Refereed) Accepted
Abstract [en]

Measuring the radial flow velocity field of yield stress fluids (YSFs) between two parallel disks provides crucial data to understand the underlying flow phenomena. However, direct velocimetry of YSFs in the radial flow configuration remains a challenge, due to the complex fluid rheology and geometry constraints. In this paper, we present an experimental device for measuring YSF radial flow velocity profiles. Ultrasound Velocity Profiling (UVP) is used to non-intrusively measure the velocity profiles. The Tikhonov regularization method is implemented to obtain smooth velocity profiles, which are used to calculate the plug-flow region. Compared to our previous work on radial flow, the current contributions include: (i) additional structural frame members to maintain a constant aperture, (ii) wall slip reduction, and (iii) an improved velocity profile plug-detection algorithm. The results show that the experimental device and the measurement method are effective for further studying radial flow behavior of YSFs for industrial applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2021.
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304240OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304240DiVA, id: diva2:1606821
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF)
Note

QC 20220322

Available from: 2021-10-28 Created: 2021-10-28 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Rock grouting design: Rheological aspects and radial flow visualizations with ultrasound
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rock grouting design: Rheological aspects and radial flow visualizations with ultrasound
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The rheological properties of cement-based grouts play a crucial role indetermining the final spread in grouted rock formations. In rheological terms,cement grouts are known to be complex time-dependent yield stress fluids,but their steady flow behavior is often described by the simple Binghamconstitutive law. The Bingham parameters obtained from the linear curvefitting to flow curve data are then used in grout propagation calculationsduring the design phase, e.g., for rock fracture grouting in tunnel construction.Since cement grouts are time-dependent and thixotropic suspensions, theinterpretation of their flow curves during conventional rotational rheometryis often complicated by the presence of wall slip, thixotropy, flow localization,and sedimentation, particularly at low shear rates. A systematic approachwas carried out as part of the research work to study these effects within theconstraints of the concentric cylinder geometry (Couette) and for differentcement grout concentrations. Of particular interest were the influence ofgeometry and flow sweep measurement interval on flow curves, includingthe characteristic unstable flow branch that appears at applied shear ratesthat are below the critical shear rate. The unstable flow branch observedbelow the critical shear rate has been described as a characteristic feature inthe flow curves of thixotropic suspensions, e.g., cement grouts and laponite.From a practical standpoint, these crucial shear rate aspects, including wallslip, have not been considered during grouting design calculations whileusing the common Bingham model. Thus, the research also considered theseshear rate aspects as part of grouting design by incorporating them into thedesign approach within the existing framework of the Real Time GroutingControl (RTGC) method.

Another interesting part of the research work presented in this thesis relatesto studies on the radial flow of yield stress fluids. The radial flow betweenparallel plates is an idealized fundamental flow configuration that is oftenused to understand grout spread estimation in rock fractures. In part,the entire radial flow work was motivated by the ongoing discussions inthe literature regarding the different analytical solutions for radial flow.Moreover, compared to other flow configurations, e.g., pipes and channels,only a limited amount of work has presented analytical solutions, numericalmodels, and especially experimental work for radial flow. Thus, during thedoctoral work, a radial flow experimental device was designed, manufactured,and subsequently used to acquire Carbopol YSF radial flow velocity profilesfor the first time. The velocity profile measurements were carried out usingthe pulsed Ultrasound Velocity Profiling (UVP) technique. The velocityprofiles from the initial radial flow study showed that significant wall slip was present. An analytical solution with a Navier slip term was used todescribe the velocity profiles, resulting in a good agreement in the velocityprofile magnitude. However, the plug-flow region extent was smaller in theanalytical solution. Subsequent studies on radial flow sought to addressthe wall slip issue using different wall slip reduction procedures (chemicaltreatment and sandblasting). Both treatments showed substantial wallslip reduction; however, some wall slip effects persisted, especially for thethicker Carbopol gels. In addition, a plug-point estimation algorithm usingTikhonov regularization was developed to calculate the yield points fromthe non-smooth velocity profiles accurately. A final modification was theaddition of frame reinforcement to maintain the required constant aperturebetter. The tests carried out in the final radial flow study followed the testscheme from the previous studies, but with two concentrations of Carbopol.The aim was to compare the measured velocity profiles with two radialflow analytical solutions based on different assumptions that have recentlybeen discussed in the literature. The measurement results showed a goodagreement in the velocity profile shape, but with some velocity magnitudediscrepancies, particularly in the central part of the velocity profiles. Suchdiscrepancies could result from remaining wall slip together with other higher-order flow effects, e.g., nonlinear flow due to inertial effects, that are notaccounted for by the analytical solutions. Nevertheless, within the contextof grouting practice, such magnitudes of differences could be consideredreasonable for scoping calculations during grouting design and execution.Future studies related to radial flow can improve the current understandingby conducting similar tests, but with improved experimental setups, e.g.,better wall slip reduction, larger aspect ratios, and more detailed spatialresolution for smaller flow apertures. Additionally, the understanding of therheological behavior of cement grouts would be improved from a practicalstandpoint, i.e., grouting design and execution, if the wall slip phenomenonis studied in more detail and considered an inseparable feature of yield stressfluid flow.

Abstract [sv]

Cementbaserade injekteringsmedels reologiska egenskaper har en stor påver-kan på strömning och inträngningslängd i sprickigt berg. Medlens reologi ärkomplex, inklusive tixotropi, men strömningen och inträngningen beskrivsändå oftast med den enkla linjära Bingham modellen i injekteringssam-manhang. De två parametrarna från denna modell, flytgräns och viskositet,används sedan inom injekteringsprojektering, för t.ex. tunnlar och dam-mar, för att bedöma inträngningen. Eftersom cementbaserade medel ärtixoptropa suspensioner försvåras utvärderingen vid mätning med konventio-nella rotationsviskometrar på grund av glidning vid fasta begränsningsytor,sedimentation/separation av partiklarna och instabila flöden vid låga defor-mationshastigheter. En systematisk mätprocedur för att studera ovanståendeproblem med rotationsviskometer och koncentriska cylindrar samt olika van-liga vattencementtal, har utförts inom ramen för detta doktorandarbete.Av särskilt intresse har varit att studera effekten av olika geometrier ochtidsintervallet mellan mätningarna, inklusive den instabila delen av flödes-kurvan då deformationshastigheten är lägre än ett kritiskt värde. Dennadel av kurvan har i litteraturen beskrivits som karakteristisk för tixotropasuspensioner, som t.ex. cementbaserade injekteringsmedel. Praktiskt kanovanstående kunskap användas för att förbättra mätningen av de reologiskaegenskaperna. Existensen av en kritisk deformationshastighet under vilkendet inte finns något stabilt flöde, i kombination med glidning vid fasta be-gränsningsytor, diskuteras särskilt med hänsyn till dess påverkan på faktiskinträngning i släta och råa bergsprickor.

Ett annat fokus i doktorandarbetet har varit att studera icke-Newtonskamodellvätskors (Carbopol) radiella strömning mellan parallella plattor. Den-na typ av strömningsgeometri används ofta som en idealiserad konfigurationför strömning i bergsprickor. I jämförelse med andra enklare geometrier,finns endast en begränsad forskning utförd för denna geometri både då detgäller analytiska och numeriska beräkningar men framförallt då det gällerexperiment. Som ett första steg inför en mer systematisk undersökning avicke-Newtonsk radiella strömning presenteras i detta arbete framtagandetav en fysisk laboratoriemodell där hastighetsprofilerna mellan plattorna förförsta gången visualiserats med hjälp av ultraljud. De utförda mätningar-na med tre olika öppningar mellan plattorna sam tre olika värden på detkonstanta flödet, visar på en distinkt plugg som är ett resultat av vätskansflytgräns samt glidning i gränsskiktet mellan vätskan och plattornas fastabegränsningsytor. En jämförelse mellan uppmätta hastighetsprofiler ochanalytiskt beräknade diskuteras där resultaten överensstämmer relativt väl,med beaktande av de långtgående förenklade antaganden som krävs för de analytiska beräkningarna. Fortsatta studier kommer att fokuseras på attförbättra laboratoriemodellen för en mer detaljerad studie av icke-Newtonskavätskors strömning och hur pluggen utvecklas under den radiella inträng-ningen, vilket fortsättningsvis är av betydelse för projektering av injekteringi bergsprickor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 77
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2140
Keywords
Cement grouts, grouting, yield stress fluid (YSF), thixotropy, critical shear rate, radial flow, wall slip, Bingham model, Cementbaserade injekteringsmedels, injektering, icke-Newtonska vätskors, tixotropi, kritisk deformationshastigheten, radiella strömning, glidning, Bingham modell
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304246 (URN)978-91-8040-029-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-02, F3, Lindstedsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Kontakt johan.spross@byv.kth.se Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65013898349, Stockholm, 15:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF)Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo)
Note

QC 211110

Available from: 2021-11-10 Created: 2021-10-28 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved

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Shamu, JohnZou, LiangchaoHåkansson, Ulf

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