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From chemical valorization of CO2 for cyclic carbonates to structurally diverse and recyclable isocyanate-free polyurethane networks
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymer Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2887-2316
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymer Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7790-8987
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Polymer Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5850-8873
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Isocyanate-free chemistry and introduction of dynamic bonds are a promising combination towards the development of more sustainable polyurethane (PU) networks. Here, we present the synthesis of reprocessable, isocyanate-free PU networks through atom-economical reactions from monomer to polymer, valorizing CO2 as a building block. The monomers employed were 5-membered cyclic carbonates prepared through an efficient (> 99% conversion) reaction with high yield (up to 97% at 100 g-scale) between CO2 and epoxides, catalyzed by the moisture-tolerant and easily prepared DBUI2 complex. The structural diversity of the monomers and the utilization of cystamine bearing the dynamic S-S motif realized PU networks with a finely-tuned profile of thermal (Tg from -9 °C to 44 °C) and mechanical properties (E from 0.2 to 1700 MPa). Furthermore, a facile recycling (100 °C, 20 min) was enabled thanks to the rapidly exchanging disulfides and the modulated crosslink density. A moisture-induced plasticization of the networks was identified and its effect on the properties of the networks was elucidated. The atom economy, energy-efficiency, avoidance of toxic reagents and prevention of waste generation make this approach an attractive, greener pathway for PU networks fitting in a circular economy environment.

Keywords [en]
Isocyanate-free polyurethanes, polyhydroxyurethanes, carbon dioxide, crosslink density, thermoset, covalent adaptable network
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304312OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304312DiVA, id: diva2:1607350
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-00700
Note

QC 20211130

Available from: 2021-11-01 Created: 2021-11-01 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Design of renewable and functional polyamides and polyhydroxyurethanes with tunable structure-property relationships
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design of renewable and functional polyamides and polyhydroxyurethanes with tunable structure-property relationships
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Redesigning polymeric materials and rethinking their use is imperative in the prospect of a more sustainable future. Critical aspects in this endeavor are the use of renewable monomers to decrease the environmental footprint, implementing green syntheses and production processes and the design for increased recyclability as an end-of-life option to diverge from the generation of plastic waste. In this thesis, polyamides and polyhydroxyurethanes were synthesized employing biobased and structurally diverse monomers. Through ring-opening aminolysis and ring-opening polymerization, solvent- and toxic reagent-free, atom-economical and energy efficient systems could be realized. Ethylene brassylate, a fatty acid-derived macrodilactone, was employed for the synthesis of permanent and dynamic polyamide networks, carried out in a single step and under mild temperature, by leveraging the inherent properties of the monomer. Carbon dioxide and its derivatives were explored for the preparation of diverse cyclic carbonates serving as precursors to dynamic polyhydroxyurethane networks and copolymers with complex architecture. The permanent polyamide networks were semicrystalline and exhibited a shape-memory effect with high fixicity and recovery ratio. The dynamic polyamide and polyhydroxyurethane networks were realized by a common strategy that introduced exchangeable disulfide bonds into them. The networks were reprocessable from one to three cycles after damage, and a profile of properties (thermal, mechanical, viscoelastic and dynamic) was achieved by varying the crosslink density and the structure of the monomers used. A linear polyhydroxyurethane was carefully designed to enable its dissolution in ε-Caprolactone, which under appropriate conditions, facilitated its solvent-free ring-opening polymerization from the pendent hydroxy groups of the polymer. The resulting graft copolymers had tunable molar mass and the system was not limited by the bulk polymerization conditions.

Abstract [sv]

För en hållbar framtid behöver vi ändra sättet på vilket vi designar och skapar nya polymera material och även hur vi använder dem. För en lyckad omställning behöver vi öka användandet av förnybara råvaror, applicera principerna för grön kemi i deras syntes och produktionsprocesser samt designa material för en ökad återvinningsbarhet efter användning, detta för att minska materialens miljöpåverkan och mängden plastavfall som genereras. I denna avhandling har tvärbundna nätverk och sampolymerer med komplex arkitektur, innehållande amid- och uretanbindningar, syntetiserats. Detta gjordes på ett atomekonomiskt och energieffektivt sätt, utan lösningsmedel eller giftiga reagens, genom ringöppningsaminolys och ringöppningspolymerisation av biobaserade monomerer. Etylenbrassylat, som är en fettsyrabaserad makrodilakton, användes för att skapa både permanenta och dynamiska polyamidnätverk, en syntes som kunde utföras i ett steg vid låg temperatur. Koldioxid och dess derivat utforskades för framställning av olika cykliska karbonater, som sedan användes som byggstenar i dynamiska polyhydroxyuretanätverk och sampolymerer med komplex arkitektur. De permanenta polyamidnätverken var delkristallina och uppvisade en minneseffekt, och hade därmed vid en termparaturförändring god förmåga att återfå sin ursprungliga form. De dynamiska polyamid- och polyhydroxyuretanätverken innehöll disulfidbindningar, och därmed var nätverken helt ombearbetningsbara efter att de skadats. Beroende på deras tvärbindningstäthet och strukturen hos de använda monomererna kunde deras termiska, mekaniska, viskoelastiska och dynamiska egenskaper varieras. En linjär polyhydroxyuretan utformades för att vara löslig i ε-kaprolakton, vilket möjliggjorde en lösningsmedelsfri ringöppningspolymerisation från polyhudroxyuretanens hydroxylgrupper. De skapade ympsampolymerernas molekylvikt kunde varieras och reaktionen begränsades inte av de lösningsmedelsfria betingelserna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 74
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:52
Keywords
polyamide, polyhydroxyurethane, polyester, ring-opening aminolysis, ring-opening polymerization, covalent adaptable network, copolymer, complex architecture, polyamid, polyhydroxyuretan, polyester, ringöppningsaminolys, ringöppningspolymerisation, dynamiska nätverk, sampolymer, komplex arkitektur
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304349 (URN)978-91-8040-059-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-10, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, and via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62270797340, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-00700
Note

QC 2021-11-03

Available from: 2021-11-03 Created: 2021-11-02 Last updated: 2022-12-10Bibliographically approved

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Pronoitis, CharalamposHakkarainen, MinnaOdelius, Karin

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