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Micro- to Nano- and from Surface to Bulk: Influence of Halogen-Free Ionic Liquid Architecture and Dissociation on Green Oil Lubricity
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Machine Design (Div.). (Syst & Component Design)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2716-8810
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.). (Syst & Component Design)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9403-9368
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9815-8329
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, System and Component Design.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3717-7523
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2021 (English)In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, E-ISSN 2168-0485, Vol. 9, no 40, p. 13606-13617Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Four nonhalogenated ionic liquids (ILs) based on the same phosphonium cation are investigated in terms of the anion suitability for enhancing the lubricity of a biodegradable oil. For all test conditions, typical for industrial machine components, the lubrication is shown to be governed by nonsacrificial films formed by the physisorption of ionic species on the tribo-surfaces. The anionic structure appears to have an important role in the formation of friction modifying films. The orthoborate ILs exhibit the formation of robust ionic boundary films, resulting in reduced friction and better wear protection. On the contrary, the surface adsorption of phosphinate and phosphate ILs appears to antagonistically disrupt the intrinsic lubrication properties of the biodegradable oil, resulting in high friction and wear. Through additional investigations, it is postulated that the higher dissociation of orthoborate ILs in the biodegradable oil allows the formation of hierarchical and electrostatically overscreened layer structures with long-range order, whereas the ILs with phosphate and phosphinate anions exhibit low dissociation in biodegradable oil, possibly due to the ion pairs being surrounded by a hydrocarbon halo, which presumably results in weak adsorption to form a mixed interfacial layer with no long-range order.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2021. Vol. 9, no 40, p. 13606-13617
Keywords [en]
lubricity, nonhalogenated ionic liquids, surface adsorption, lubricant additives, elastohydrodynamic lubrication, ion dissociation, friction
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304568DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04854ISI: 000708391800021Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85117307754OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304568DiVA, id: diva2:1609259
Note

QC 20211108

Available from: 2021-11-08 Created: 2021-11-08 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Sustainable Lubrication and Tribotronics enabled by Ionic Materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sustainable Lubrication and Tribotronics enabled by Ionic Materials
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Developments in machine design play a crucial role in the global endeavor towards sustainability. The potential for energy conservation and emission reduction has pushed lubrication research to the forefront, with the lubricant considered to be a vital machine component. As a result of the need for high machine efficiency and longevity, as well as that of greener lubricants, ionic liquids (ILs) are gaining attention for lubrication applications, especially in combination with biodegradable oils. ILs also present a unique opportunity for developing active lubrication, tribotronic systems. To make them an industrially viable option, however, an in-depth understanding of IL lubrication behavior is required. In this doctoral work, investigations of the tribologically relevant ionic boundary films formed by non-halogenated ILs dispersed in a carrier medium (polar solvent or bio-oil) were conducted using a variety of tribological techniques and neutron reflectance. The effect of external actuation by electric potential on the extent, ionic composition, and tribological relevance of the interfacial boundary films was also studied. The results revealed that the ionic architecture and the condition of IL in the oil play an important role in defining the lubricity of the adsorbed boundary films. Clear electroresponsivity was also observed across methods, with the relative concentration of cations and anions in the interfacial film and the lubricating film thickness changing with the electric potential bias. It was established that the anions, playing an anchor role on the surface, are crucial for the formation of robust load-carrying boundary films. A methodology using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was developed for measuring and characterizing the electric conductivity of complex lubricating greases with ionic and non-ionic additives. According to these measurements, the electrical characteristics of greases depend on the interactions of IL with the grease matrix. Overall, this work contributes towards the development of sustainable lubrication and tribotronic systems using ILs.

Abstract [sv]

Utvecklingen inom ämnesområdet maskinkonstruktion spelar en avgörande roll i den globala strävan mot hållbarhet. Potentialer för energibesparing och utsläppsminskningar har drivit på forskningen om smörjmedel och smörjmedlet anses idag vara ett viktigt maskinelement. Som ett resultat av behovet av hög verkningsgrad, lång livslängd samt miljövänligare smörjmedel, har jonvätskor (eng. Ionic Liquids) fått uppmärksamhet inom smörjtillämpningar, särskilt i kombination med biologiskt nedbrytbara oljor. Jonvätskor ger även en unik möjlighet att utveckla tribotroniska system för aktiv smörjning. För att göra dem industriellt gångbara krävs dock en djupgående förståelse för jonvätskors smörjegenskaper. Inom ramen för detta doktorandprojekt genomfördes undersökningar av de smörjfilmer som bildas i kontakters gränssnitt av icke-halogenerade jonvätskor dispergerade i ett polärt lösningsmedel eller en bioolja. En mängd olika tribologiska mätinstument, bland annat neutronreflektans, användes i projektet. Smörjfilmens egenskaper under inverkan av en extern aktivering via en elektrisk potential studerades även genom att mäta filmtjocklek, jonsammansättning samt tribologisk relevans i gränsskikten. Resultaten visade att den joniska arkitekturen och tillståndet för jonvätskan i oljan spelar en viktig roll för att definiera smörjförmågan hos de adsorberade gränsfilmerna. Tydliga reaktioner på en pålagd elektrisk potential observerades genom att mäta förändringar av den relativa koncentrationen av katjoner och anjoner i gränssnittsfilmen samt smörjfilmens tjocklek. Det konstaterades att anjonerna, som fungerar som ankare på ytan, är avgörande för bildandet av robusta lastbärande gränsfilmer. En metodik som använder elektrokemisk impedansspektroskopi utvecklades för att mäta och karakterisera den elektriska ledningsförmågan hos komplexa smörjfetter med joniska och icke-joniska tillsatser. Enligt dessa mätningar beror fetters elektriska egenskaper på interaktionen mellan jonvätskan och fettmatrisen. Sammantaget bidrar detta arbete till utvecklingen av hållbara smörjmedel samt tribotroniska system där jonvätskor används.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 75
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2022:9
Keywords
sustainable lubrication, ionic liquid, tribotronics, lubricating grease, neutron reflectance
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-310124 (URN)978-91-8040-189-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-04-27, Sal F3, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68200171393?pwd=M0dDV3dMWEhDaHN6L3FpeFJ3UlphUT09, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-04-05 Created: 2022-03-28 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
2. Ionic lubricants: Molecular features and surface protection mechanisms
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ionic lubricants: Molecular features and surface protection mechanisms
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In this thesis ionic liquids (ILs) are investigated as prospective candidates for lubrication. Three custom synthesized phosphonium orthoborate type ILs were extensively studied from the prospective of molecular structuring both in bulk and at the interface and from the prospective of their lubricating performance as neat lubricants and as additives in oils. A wide selection of contact geometries and surface finishes has been utilized to broaden the applicability of the achieved results. Tribological performance of orthoborate ILs when used as additives in oils was additionally benchmarked against two commercial ILs - phosphonium phosphate, phosphonium phosphinate.

Studies on the bulk molecular mobility in the orthoborate ILs performed by means of Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG NMR) clearly showed that the distinct molecular organisation in these systems depends on the chemical structure of orthoborate anion. These results demonstrated a clear correlation with tests of the tribological performance of neat orthoborate ILs, where friction reduction, wear protection and particularities of surface interactions were shown to be clearly defined by anion chemistry. Moreover, this finding was further proven to be relevant when using ILs as additives in oils. A comparison of tribological performance of orthoborate ILs with phosphinate and phosphate ILs showed that a change in anion structure could basically revert the tribological performance of oil solution: from lower to higher friction and wear when compared to the neat oil lubricity.

One of the orthoborate ILs - trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(mandelato)borate (PBMB) – was selected for a thorough study when used as a sacrificial oil additive. A joint PFG NMR and Quartz Crystall Microbalance (QCM) study demonstrated the build-up of a PBMB rich film on a electrically charged surface. This provided an experimental prove for the possibility of electrostatically driven physisorption of ILs. Tribological tests performed on the same oil composition demonstrated that PBMB when reaching the surface triggered tribochemical reactions and formation of a surface protective tribofilm. 

Phosphonium orthoborate ILs demonstrated an outstanding performance (decreasing wear by up to 92% and friction by up to 50%) in lubricated mechanical contacts, both when used as neat lubricants and when used as additives. These results are based on an extensive study employing a wide variation in contact geometries, surface finish and motion type. The details of such performance are investigated through an extensive surface analysis and further linked to the chemical structure of the anion.

Abstract [sv]

I denna avhandling studerades jonvätskor som potentiella kandidater som smörj-medel. Tre fosfoniumortoborat jonvätskor studerades avseende molekylära strukturen och prestationen vid kontaktsmörjning. Den molekylära strukturstudien fokuserade på aspekter av bulk såväl som gränssnitt. Smörjningsstudierna utfördes för både ren jonvätskor och jonvätskor som används som tillsatser till oljor. Ett brett utbud av kontaktgeometri och yttopografi metoder användes för att underlätta tolkningen av de erhållna resultaten. Två kommersiellt tillgängliga jonvätskor (fosfoniumfosfat och fosfoniumfosfinat) användes för att utvärdera den tribologiska prestationen av jonvätskor som tillsats till oljor. 

Den molekylära rörligheten studerades med hjälp av Kärnmagnetisk resonans diffusometri. Dessa studier visade tydligt att den distinkta molekylära organisationen var beroende av den kemiska strukturen av ortoboratanjon. Ett liknande samband mellan jonkemi noterades  i tester av den tribologiska prestation av ortoborat jontvätskor när det gäller friktionsreduktion, slitageskydd och ytinteraktioner. Dessa resultat var också relevanta för jonvätskor som används som tillsatser i oljor. Testning av tribologiska prestation hos ortoborater tillsammans med fosfinat- och fosfat-jonvätskor visade att en förändring i anjonstrukturen kan återställa den tribologiska prestation av en oljelösning: från lägre till högre friktion och slitage jämfört med den ursprungliga smörjförmågan. 

En av ortoborat jonvätskor, trihexyltetradecylfosfonium bis(mandelato)borat (PBMB) valdes ut för en djupare analys. Kombinationen av PFG NMR och Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) experimentella metoder visade möjligheten att en PBMB-rik film byggdes upp på toppen av laddade ytor. Således etablerades möjligheten till elektrostatiskt driven fysisorption av jonvätskor experimentellt. Ytterligare tribologiska tester utförda på smörjoljor med tillsatt PBMB indikerade att yt-PBMB deltog i tribokemiska reaktioner och skapade en slitageskyddande tribofilm. 

Fosfoniumortoborat jonvätskor visade en enastående prestation vid smörjning av mekaniska kontakter både som ett rent smörjmedel eller som tillsatser: de minskade slitaget med upp till 92% och friktionen med 50%. Resultat erhölls från en stor studie där flera olika kontaktförhållanden uppnåddes genom variation av yttopografi och genom olika mekaniska arrangemang av den experimentella uppsättningen av tribotesten. De bakomliggande orsakerna till sådana prestandaförändringar undersöktes genom en omfattande ytanalys och kopplades vidare till anjonens kemiska struktur. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 68
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2022:19
Keywords
ionic liquid, lubrication technology, tribology, boundary lubrication, tribofilm, friction, wear, physico-chemical interaction, diffusion NMR, jonisk vätska, smörjteknik, tribologi, gränsskiktssmörjning, tribofilm, friktion, slitage, fysikalisk-kemisk interaktion, NMR diffusometri
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312154 (URN)978-91-8040-273-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-06-10, D2 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65562657596, Lindstedtsvägen 5, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2012.0078Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, EM16-0013
Available from: 2022-05-17 Created: 2022-05-16 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved

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Reddy, Akepati BhaskarMunavirov, BulatPilkington, GeorgiaCalderon Salmeron, GabrielRutland, Mark W.Glavatskih, Sergei

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