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Regioselectivity and patterns of arabinose substitution and feruloylation determine the activity of xylanases from GH5
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Glycoscience.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3309-6056
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Glycoscience.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2309-6100
Novozymes (A/S).
Novozymes (A/S).
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Endo-1,4-β-xylanases from glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5) prefer highly substituted arabinoxylans (AX) due to the need of arabinose decorations as a specificity determinant for cleavage. In this study, we compared the activity of GH5 xylanases from subfamilies GH5_21, GH5_34 and GH5_35, in terms of how arabinose substitutions and feruloylation are tolerated by the enzymes. We specifically prepared three AX substrates from wheat and barley bran with distinct arabinose substitution patterns and ferulic acid content. The GH5_34 xylanase was the most active in all substrates, followed by the GH5_21 and GH5_35. The regioselectivity and patterns of arabinose substitution were more important than the overall degree of arabinose substitution of the AX substrates. All the GH5 xylanases targeted C(O)-3 linked arabinose substitutions, producing oligosaccharides with a C(O)-3 linked arabinose at the reducing end. Ferulic acid (FA) slightly hindered enzymatic activity, as it obstructed the C(O)-3 linked arabinose in becoming a specificity determinant for cleavage. This study highlights the exquisitely specific nature of GH5 β-xylanases, opening new avenues for their application in tackling highly substituted recalcitrant AX substrates and for molecular tailoring of polysaccharides. 

National Category
Industrial Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-307787OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-307787DiVA, id: diva2:1634854
Note

QC 20220210

Available from: 2022-02-03 Created: 2022-02-03 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Valorisation of cereal by-products: a biorefinery approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Valorisation of cereal by-products: a biorefinery approach
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cereal by-products are abundant streams of underutilised biomass that have the potential be valorised into various industrial products by means of environmentally friendly processes. In this study, an integrated bioprocess combining subcritical water extraction (SWE) and enzymatic treatment (ET) was proposed to effectively extract arabinoxylans (AX) from cereal by-products. Due to their unique substituted and feruloylated nature, AXs can potentially be developed into several functional food and materials, including packaging, coating and medical applications.

Optimisation of SWE was investigated in terms of how different extraction parameters could affect the extractability and the molecular structure of the AXs. The parameters investigated, included pretreatment, extraction time, biomass type, pH and temperature at laboratory scale, as well as upscaling at pilot scale (scale factor of 33x). The need for destarching prior to SWE was clearly highlighted as it improved not only the yield but also the purity of the extracted AX. Generally, an increase in temperature resulted in higher yields and a quicker transition from a glucan-rich to an AX-rich extract, but with the consequence of increased autohydrolysis. With increased time, AX populations generally increased in purity and complexity, exhibiting higher arabinose to xylose (A/X) ratios, but also lower molar mass distributions. By using a buffered solvent in neutral or mild alkaline conditions, autohydrolysis could be prevented. The choice of alkaline conditions was especially favourable in the release of glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) from corn fibre, but also significantly reduced the amount of esterified ferulic acid (FA) on the polysaccharide. The FA is an important moiety to preserve as it influenced the antioxidant activity of the extracts, as well as the possibility for oxidative coupling in material applications. In terms of biomass type, barley bran was found to be more recalcitrant than wheat or rye bran, displaying AX populations that were more heavily substituted and higher presence of p-coumaric acids in addition to FA. Ultimately, upscaling of the SWE revealed that similar results could be obtained to the laboratory scale when both the extraction time and solid to liquid ratios were increased. 

For the characterisation of enzymes, specifically xylanolytic enzymes, activity was first investigated on soluble AX substrates prior to the insoluble bran. Here, the effect of both arabinose substitution and feruloylation on AX substrates on the enzyme activity were investigated on less studied xylanases from GH family 5 and 8, with those that are well studied from GH family 10 and 11. The GH8 xylanase was most restricted by arabinose substitution, generating mid-length linear xylooligosaccharides (XOS) of up to a xylopentoase (X1-X5). Interestingly, the GH5s preferred highly substituted AXs, which was later attributed to the need of a C(O)-3 linked arabinose for cleavage. The GH5s distinctly produced arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides that were substituted on the reducing end. Meanwhile ferulic acid (FA), which occurs on C(O)-3 linked arabinoses, impeded the activity of the GH5 xylanases. In terms of efficiency, the traditional GH10 and GH11 xylanases were largely more active on a wider range of AX substrates, generating small hydrolysis products (X1-X3) at a much faster rate than the GH8 and GH5.

The knowledge obtained from the SWE optimisation, and the characterisation of enzymes were used to validate an integrated process combining the two approaches. The use of a GH10 xylanase together with a feruloyl esterase was later found as the most optimal cocktail in aiding the release of arabinoxylans in combination with SWE. It is anticipated that this study can enrich the knowledge on SWE technology, interactions between xylanolytic enzymes and arabinoxylan substrates, as well as the realisation of cereal-based biorefineries in the future.

Abstract [sv]

Jordbruksbiprodukter är rikliga strömmar av outnyttjad biomassa som har potential att värderas till olika industriprodukter med hjälp av miljövänliga processer. I denna studie föreslås en integrerad bioprocess som kombinerar subkritisk vattenextraktion (SWE) och enzymatisk behandling (ET) för att effektivt extrahera arabinoxylaner (AX) från jordbruksbiprodukter. På grund av deras unika substituerade och feruloylerade natur, kan AX potentiellt utvecklas till flera funktionella livsmedels- och materialapplikationer.

Optimering av SWE processen undersöktes i termer av hur olika extraktionsparametrar påverkade extraherbarheten och den molekylära strukturen hos AX. Parametrarna som undersöktes innefattade förbehandling, extraktionstid, biomassatyp, pH och temperatur i laboratorieskala, samt uppskalning i pilotskala (skalfaktor 33x). Avlägsnande av stärkelse före SWE var viktigt, eftersom det inte bara förbättrade utbytet utan också renheten hos det extraherade AX. Generellt sett resulterade en temperaturökning i högre utbyten och en snabbare övergång från ett glukanrikt extrakt till ett AX-rikt extrakt, men med följden av ökad autohydrolys. Med ökad extraktionstid ökade AX-populationen i renhet och komplexitet. Detta visades av ett högre förhållande mellan arabinos och xylos (A/X), men ökad extraktionstid ledde också till en lägre molekylviktsfördelning. Genom att använda ett buffrat lösningsmedel i neutrala eller milda alkaliska förhållanden kan autohydrolys förhindras. Valet av alkaliska betingelser var särskilt gynnsamt vid frisättning av glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) från majsfiber, men minskade också signifikant mängden förestrad ferulsyra (FA) på polysackariden. FA är en viktig funktionell grupp att bevara eftersom den påverkar extraktens antioxidantaktivitet, såväl som möjligheten till oxidativ koppling i materialapplikationer. När det gäller biomassatypen visades att kornkli vara mer motsträvig än vete- eller rågkli. Kornextraktet innehöll AX-populationer som var mer substituerade och högre förekomst av p-kumarsyra och FA. Uppskalning av SWE visade att liknande resultat kunde erhållas som laboratorieskala när både extraktionstiden och förhållandet mellan biomassa och extraktionslösning ökades.

För karakterisering av enzymer, specifikt xylanolytiska enzymer, undersöktes aktivitet först på lösliga AX-substrat före det olösliga kliet. Här undersöktes effekten av både arabinossubstitution och feruloylering på AX-substrat på enzymaktiviteten på mindre studerade xylanaser från GH-familjen 5 och 8, med de som är väl studerade från GH-familjen 10 och 11. GH8-xylanaset var mest begränsat av arabinossubstitution, vilket genererade medellånga linjära xylooligosackarider (XOS) på upp till ett xylopentos (X1-X5). Under tiden föredrog GH5 mer substituerad AX, vilket senare orsakade behov av en C(O)-3 kopplad arabinos för klyvning. GH5-xylanaserna producerade tydligt arabinoxylan-oligosackarider som har en arabinos i den reducerande änden. Samtidigt hade FA, som förekommer på C(O)-3 kopplade arabinoser, en påverkan på aktiviteten för GH5-xylanaserna. När det gäller effektivitet var de traditionella GH10- och GH11-xylanaserna i stort sett mer aktiva på ett bredare utbud av AX-substrat. De genererade små hydrolysprodukter (X1-X3) i mycket snabbare takt än GH8- och GH5-xylanaserna.

Kunskapen från SWE-optimeringen och karaktäriseringen av enzymer användes för att validera en integrerad process som kombinerar de två tillvägagångssätten. Användningen av ett GH10-xylanas tillsammans med ett feruloylesteras visade sig senare vara den mest optimala cocktailen för att underlätta frisättningen av arabinoxylaner i kombination med SWE. Det förväntas att denna studie kan berika kunskapen om SWE-teknologi, interaktioner mellan xylanolytiska enzymer och arabinoxylansubstrat, samt realiseringen av bioraffinaderier baserade på jordbrukbiprodukter i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 71
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:6
Keywords
Cereal by-products, arabinoxylan, ferulic acid, subcritical water extraction, enzymatic treatment, xylanases, prebiotics, Jordbruksbiprodukter, arabinoxylan, ferulsyra, subkritisk vattenextraktion, enzymatisk behandling, xylanaser, prebiotika
National Category
Bioprocess Technology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-307789 (URN)978-91-8040-121-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-03-04, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8 and on Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_f7jnKaXhRHGogkyu7kMYjA, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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QC 2022-02-09

Available from: 2022-02-09 Created: 2022-02-04 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Rudjito, Reskandi C.Jiménez-Quero, AmparoVilaplana, Francisco

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