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An Efficient Method for Fitting Radiation-mediated Shocks to Gamma-Ray Burst Data: The Kompaneets RMS Approximation
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics. Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7414-5884
Stockholm Univ, Oskar Klein Ctr, Dept Astron, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Particle and Astroparticle Physics. Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9769-8016
2022 (English)In: Astrophysical Journal, ISSN 0004-637X, E-ISSN 1538-4357, Vol. 925, no 1, p. 65-, article id 65Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Shocks that occur below a gamma-ray burst (GRB) jet photosphere are mediated by radiation. Such radiation-mediated shocks (RMSs) could be responsible for shaping the prompt GRB emission. Although well studied theoretically, RMS models have not yet been fitted to data owing to the computational cost of simulating RMSs from first principles. Here we bridge the gap between theory and observations by developing an approximate method capable of accurately reproducing radiation spectra from mildly relativistic (in the shock frame) or slower RMSs, called the Kompaneets RMS approximation (KRA). The approximation is based on the similarities between thermal Comptonization of radiation and the bulk Comptonization that occurs inside an RMS. We validate the method by comparing simulated KRA radiation spectra to first-principle radiation hydrodynamics simulations, finding excellent agreement both inside the RMS and in the RMS downstream. The KRA is then applied to a shock scenario inside a GRB jet, allowing for fast and efficient fitting to GRB data. We illustrate the capabilities of the developed method by performing a fit to a nonthermal spectrum in GRB 150314A. The fit allows us to uncover the physical properties of the RMS responsible for the prompt emission, such as the shock speed and the upstream plasma temperature.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Astronomical Society , 2022. Vol. 925, no 1, p. 65-, article id 65
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308564DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac332aISI: 000746980200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85125833696OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-308564DiVA, id: diva2:1637946
Note

QC 20220215

Available from: 2022-02-15 Created: 2022-02-15 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Cosmic rays and shock physics in gamma-ray bursts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cosmic rays and shock physics in gamma-ray bursts
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous events in the known universe. Due to their tremendous energy output, they serve as laboratories of physics far beyond anything that we can hope to achieve in terrestrial experiments. However, the insights we can gain from these violent phenomena depend on our understanding of the relevant physical processes at work. In this thesis, I study emission processes in GRBs. Specifically, I focus on GRBs as potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and investigate the cause of the early electromagnetic emission. 

UHECRs are extraterrestrial particles with incredible energies. Despite decades of research, the origin of UHECRs remains unknown. GRBs have long been one of the most promising source candidates. In Papers I and II, we estimate the emission expected from electrons that are co-accelerated with the UHECRs at the source. We show that GRBs would have to be much brighter in the optical band if they harbored substantial UHECR acceleration, disfavoring a UHECR-GRB connection. 

In Papers III, IV, and V, we study the possible cause of the γ-ray emission that has given GRBs their name. In Paper III, we develop a model capable of describing emission from shocks in the optically thick regions of GRBs. Specifically, our model is uniquely capable of performing fits to the observed data. In paper V, we use this model to examine observational characteristics of the γ-ray emission expected from optically thick shocks. We find that many key signatures of GRBs, such as the low-energy slope and the peak energy of the spectrum, are naturally reproduced by the model. In Paper IV, we focus on synchrotron radiation from high-energy protons as the possible cause for the γ-ray emission and limit the parameter space where such models are viable. However, within the allowed parameter range, we find that some very specific spectral features are obtained, which are consistent with a subset of observed GBRs. 

Abstract [sv]

Gammablixtar (engelska “gamma-ray bursts”, GRBs) är de mest ljusstarka fenomen vi känner till i universum. På grund av deras otroliga energier ger de oss möjligheten att studera fysik i miljöer vi aldrig skulle kunna skapa i laboratorier på jorden. Hur mycket kunskap vi kan få om dessa fenomen beror dock p ̊a hur väl vi förstår oss på de relevanta fysikaliska processerna. I denna avhandling studerar jag strålningsprocesser i GRBs. Mer specifikt, så undersöker jag huruvida GRBs kan accelerera högenergetisk kosmisk strålning (engelska “ultra-high energy cosmic rays”, UHECRs) och ursprunget för den elektromagnetiska strålningen. 

Varifrån UHECRs kommer ̈ar fortfarande okänt trots decennier av forskning. GRBs har länge varit en av de mest lovande källorna. I Artikel I och II studerar vi strålningen från elektroner som accelereras på samma plats som UHECRs. Vi visar att om GRB var effektiva acceleratorer av UHECRs så skulle de nödvändigtvis behöva vara mycket mer ljusstarka i optiska våglängder. Detta talar emot att GRBs som de primära källorna för UHECRs. 

I Artikel III, IV och V studerar vi uppkomsten till γ-strålningen som gett GRBs sitt namn. I Artikel III utvecklar vi en modell som kan simulera shocker i de optiskt tjocka delarna av en GRB. Modellen är den första i sitt slag som kan användas för anpassning av data. I Artikel V använder vi denna model f ̈or att analysera vilka typer av observationella signaturer man kan förvänta sig av shocker i de optiskt tjocka delarna. Vi finner att många egenskaper hos GRBs naturligt reproduceras av modellen, t.ex. lutning vid låga energier och högsta energin i spektrat. I Artikel IV studerar vi högenergetiska protoner som möjligt orsak till γ-strålningen och begränsar den möjliga parameterrymden för liknande modeller. Där modellen fungerar visar vi att man kan förvänta sig vissa säregna karaktärsdrag i spektrat, som faktiskt liknar beteendet hos en del GRBs. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 92
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2022:24
Keywords
astrophysics, gamma-ray bursts, cosmic rays, radiation-mediated shocks
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Research subject
Physics, Atomic, Subatomic and Astrophysics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311951 (URN)978-91-8040-252-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-06-03, FB42, AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 220509

Available from: 2022-05-09 Created: 2022-05-05 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Samuelsson, FilipRyde, Felix

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