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Spatiotemporal variations in ambulance demand: Towards equitable emergency services in Sweden
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Urban and Regional Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8958-107X
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Urban and Regional Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5302-1698
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations in ambulance demand in Sweden. First, we evaluate how the demand varies between day and night and across urban and rural areas. Second, we assessed whether variations in demand can be associated with land use factors and sociodemographic characteristics of the population. 

Methods: A standardized ambulance demand ratio indicating whether ambulance demand exceeded the expected in an area, was calculated as a function of ambulance dispatch data from southern Sweden in 2018 and split by day and night time population. Spatial analysis using a geographical information system spatial statistical methods and modelling underlie the study methodology. 

Results: We found that although rural areas are associated with a higher risk of requiring an ambulance (especially in the daytime), this need may be obscured by the more numerous dispatches occurring in urban areas. Areas with a higher share of older adults are associated with a higher demand for ambulances, while areas with a high median income level lower the demand. The demand in areas with bars, nightclubs, schools, or road crossings reflects temporal variations in people’s routine activity in space. 

Conclusions: This study contributes knowledge that can be useful to rethink the future basis of equitable ambulance services.  

Keywords [en]
emergency services, equity, Getis-Ord Gi statistic, Sweden.
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy Social and Economic Geography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311140OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311140DiVA, id: diva2:1652573
Note

QC 20220421

Available from: 2022-04-19 Created: 2022-04-19 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Planning for equitable emergency health care: Assessing the geography of ambulance supply and demand in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Planning for equitable emergency health care: Assessing the geography of ambulance supply and demand in Sweden
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Providing high-quality health care to everyone who needs it is a central objective for theSwedish health care system. One way in which this goal is broadly pursued is by allocatingresources that maximize the geographical coverage of ambulances, aiming at reducingambulance response times as much as possible, for as many as possible. However, in reality,emergencies tend to be concentrated in space and time. They are more likely to occur atparticular places and times, following people’s routine activities. Likewise, some groups aremore likely to require acute health care, implying that supply needs to be tailored to patientdemand. This thesis investigates the nature of emergency health care (EHC) services byassessing the temporal and the geographical distribution of ambulance services from a supplyand demand perspective using southern Sweden as a study area. Geographical informationsystem (GIS), spatial analysis and regression models underpin the methodology of the study.Findings indicate that there currently exist disparities in access to EHC services in Sweden,both between urban and rural areas and between sociodemographic groups. Depending on howaccessibility is measured, different spatial patterns emerge, suggesting that the current practiceof measuring response times should be complemented by alternative measures of accessibilityin an attempt to reduce inequities in access to ambulances between groups and places. Resultsalso indicate that the demand for EHC services varies both spatially and temporally, and thatdemographic and land use differences can be helpful in explaining such variations. The thesishighlights that currently employed EHC policy goals may entail unexpected inequities in theaccess to and supply of ambulances and, consequently, of EHC. As such, the study opens upfor a discussion on how useful quantitative measures can be in revealing group inequities inaccess to EHC.

Abstract [sv]

Att erbjuda god tillgång till vård för hela befolkningen är ett centralt mål för det svenskavårdsystemet. Detta eftersträvas genom att resurser fördelas på ett sätt som maximerar dengeografiska täckningen av ambulanser, där målet är att minska ambulansers responstider såmycket som möjligt, för så många som möjligt. I verkligheten är akuta situationerkoncentrerade i både tid och rum. De uppstår på specifika platser, vid specifika tidpunkter ochreflekterar till viss del människors rutinmässiga rörelsemönster. Samtidigt löper vissa grupperstörre risk att drabbas av akuta sjukdomar eller skador, vilket insinuerar att tillhandahållandetav resurser behöver skräddarsys efter behov, snarare än populationsmängd. Den härlicentiatavhandlingen undersöker akutvården genom att analysera temporala och geografiskafördelningen av ambulansresurser utifrån ett tillgång- och efterfrågan-perspektiv i södraSverige. Metoderna som studierna baserades på innefattade användandet av geografiskainformationssystem (GIS), rumslig analys och regressionsmodeller. Resultaten indikerar attdet finns skillnader i tillgång till akutvård i Sverige, både mellan stad och landsbygd ochmellan sociodemografiska grupper. Beroende på hur tillgång mäts uppstår olika rumsligamönster av skillnader i tillgång, vilket pekar på att nuvarande sätt att mäta responstid bordekompletteras med alternativa mått. Detta skulle kunna bidra till att minska ojämlikheter itillgång till ambulansvård. Resultaten indikerar också att behov för akutvård varierar över tidoch rum, och att både demografiska variabler och olika typer av markanvändning kan bidratill att förklara sådana variationer. Den här avhandlingen visar på att nuvarande policymålinom akutvård kan leda till oväntad ojämlikhet vad gäller tillgång och efterfrågan tillambulans och, som en konsekvens, till akutvård generellt. Studierna öppnar således upp fören diskussion om hur användbara kvantitativa mått kan vara vad gäller att belysa ojämlikheteri tillgång till akutvård.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 22
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2215
Keywords
emergency health care, spatial analysis, equity, policy, akutvård, rumslig analys, jämlikhet, policy
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy Social and Economic Geography
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311148 (URN)978-91-8040-223-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2022-05-05, U61, Brinellvägen 26, KTH Campus, Videolänk: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67459705187, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
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Note

QC220420

Available from: 2022-04-20 Created: 2022-04-19 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Hassler, JacobCeccato, Vania

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