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Effect of High Pressure Washing on Chloride Ingress in Concrete: Development of an accelerated test method
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures. RISE AB.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0172-015X
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1526-9331
Cementa.
Konsult.
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Bridges constitute an important part of the infrastructure. For the bridges to have the longest possible service life with minimum repairs, the maintenance is of great importance. One type of bridge maintenance that is rarely researched is the continuous preventive maintenance. The continuous preventive maintenance consists of removal of vegetation, cleaning of bridge joints and drainage systems as well as high-pressure washing of the structure. The effects of washing is discussed but not properly researched.  A study on the effectiveness of washing concrete is therefore being conducted. An accelerated method is being developed to mimic field testing. The method has been developed through tests on small concrete specimens subjected to fluctuating temperature, fluctuating moisture, and repeatable exposure to de-icing salt in cycles. The specimens are of two recipes where one represents an old bridge with rather high water-cement ratio (0.6) and the other one represents a new bridge with a low water-cement ratio (0.4). The first two versions of the method are described. The second version shows promising results, but the method needs further development to incorporate additional factors. 

Keywords [en]
Bridge maintenance, preventive maintenance, chloride ingress, test development, high-pressure washing
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311426OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311426DiVA, id: diva2:1654548
Projects
Förebyggande Brounderhåll
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 13038Swedish Transport Administration, BBT 2018-02
Note

QCR 20220504

Available from: 2022-04-27 Created: 2022-04-27 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Continuous Preventive Bridge Maintenance: Effect of High Pressure Washing on Concrete Bridges
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Continuous Preventive Bridge Maintenance: Effect of High Pressure Washing on Concrete Bridges
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In Sweden, as in many other countries, preventive maintenance of structures andbridges is considered important. It provides several benefits such as prolonged lifespan or service life, less need for repair, and hopefully reduced costs and lowerenvironmental impact.

A large part of Sweden’s bridge stock is getting quite old. The idea that small actionscan improve and/or prolong the status of the bridge and postpone needs for repairor prevent damage with a reduction in life cycle cost is generally in the owner’sinterest. One such preventive maintenance measure is the annual washing ofbridges. While clear positive effects have been observed on the expansion joints,drainage system, and the bridge’s visual appearance, an important question is howthe washing affects chloride ingress, mainly from de-icing salts, in reinforcedconcrete bridge members. The hypothesis is that the high-pressure washing cleansaway the contaminants on the surface and in the long run reduces the chloridecontent. While the practical experience has been positive in Sweden, no research hasyet been done concerning the effect of high-pressure washing on chloride ingress inconcrete bridges.

A study has been conducted on the preventive bridge maintenance practice of theSwedish Transport Administration (STA) and Swedish municipalities. This work hasbeen based on a literature review, a survey of municipalities’ bridge maintenance,and practical participation with contractors during annual maintenance. Field andlaboratory tests were carried out on the effect of washing on chloride ingress in twotypes of concrete. A field station was installed on an edge beam of a bridge and wasfollowed over three years’ exposure including winter seasons, winter maintenance,and annual washing in June. Also, an accelerated test method was developed in thelaboratory to simulate the yearly exposure and test the effect of high- pressurewashing in a long-term simulation over just a few weeks.

The practical aspects of bridge maintenance seem to be quite similar betweenSweden and in other countries. However, in terms of descriptions of and availablemeans for maintenance and repairs, there seem to be larger differences. For the fieldstation, the results after one year’s exposure do not show anything more than theanticipated difference in chloride ingress between the two concrete types understudy. For year two, a slight difference indicated that washed samples had a reducedchloride content. For year three, however, there was no distinct difference betweenivwashed and unwashed samples. The reasons for this need to be further investigatedand examined. This will be done in the continuous tests of field exposure.

The laboratory test method has been developed and successively improved. The shape and levels of chloride ingress are reasonable and comparable with fieldsamples. However, there is a need to examine the effect of natural rain exposurewhich might have the same or greater effect of diluting the chloride content aswashing the surface once a year. Other factors also need to be considered, such aswhen and how often the maintenance is performed. A first step to be able to examinethis has been completed through the development of the accelerated test method.

Abstract [sv]

I Sverige, som i många andra länder, anses förebyggande underhåll avkonstruktioner och broar vara viktigt. Det har flera fördelar, som att förlängalivslängden eller bruksskedet, minska behovet av reparationer och förhoppningsvisminska kostnader och miljöpåverkan.

En stor del av Sveriges brobestånd börjar bli relativt gammalt. Det gör attförebyggande underhåll får mer uppmärksamhet och ges större vikt. Idén att mindreåtgärder kan förbättra och/eller förlänga standarden på bron och förskjuta behovetav reparationer eller förebygga skador med en minskning i livscykelkostnader ärgenerellt i ägarens intresse. En typ av förebyggande underhåll är den årligatvättningen av broar. Tydliga positiva effekter kan ses på fogar, dränering samt bronsvisuella intryck men en viktig fråga är hur tvättningen påverkar kloridinträngning från huvudsakligen tösalter i armerad betong. Hypotesen är att högtryckstvätt tarbort föroreningar på ytan, vilket på lång sikt minskar kloridmängden i betongen. Den praktiska erfarenheten ska ha varit positiv i Sverige, men ingen forskning har utförtspå vilken effekt högtryckstvättning har på kloridinträngningen i en bro av betong.

En studie om det förebyggande brounderhållet hos Trafikverket och kommuner harutförts med hjälp av Trafikverkets och föregångarna Vägverkets dokument, annanlitteratur, en enkät till kommuner samt medverkan och observationer av detpraktiska vid utförandeentreprenaders årliga utförande av underhållet. Fält- ochlaboratorieprover för undersökning av tvättningens effekt på kloridinträngningenhar utförts. En fältstation på en kantbalk på en bro har installerats och följts undertre års exponering, med vinterklimat, vinterunderhåll samt årlig tvättning i juni. Enaccelererad provningsmetod har utvecklats för att simulera den årliga exponeringenoch undersöka effekterna av högtryckstvättning i en långtidssimulering på baranågra veckor.

Ur praktisk synvinkel verkar brounderhåll vara ganska likt i Sverige och andraländer. Dock verkar beskrivningar och tillgängliga ekonomiska medel för underhålloch reparation visa större skillnader, vilket kan ha en stor påverkan på broarnasskadestatus. För fältstationen, är resultatet efter ett års exponering inte speciellttydligt förutom den förväntade skillnaden mellan de två undersökta betongtyperna(en äldre och en modern, mer beständig kvalitet). För år två syns en mindre skillnadmellan tvättade och otvättade prover. Skillnaden kan inte observeras i resultaten förår tre dock. Orsaken till detta måste undersökas vidare. Detta görs genom dekontinuerliga provningarna som fortsätter.

Den accelererade provningsmetoden har utvecklats och kontinuerligt förbättrats.Formen och nivån på kloridinträngningen kan anses rimliga och jämförbara (påformen) med fältprover. Dock finns det ett behov av att undersöka påverkan avnaturligt regn vilket kanske har samma eller större effekt på att späda utkloridmängden som att högtryckstvätta ytorna en gång per år. Andra aspekterbehöver också undersökas, till exempel när och hur ofta underhållet ska utföras. Ettförsta steg att möjliggöra det har avslutats med utvecklingen av den accelereradeprovningsmetoden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2022. p. 47
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2217
Keywords
Bridge maintenance, preventive maintenance, chloride ingress, high-pressure washing
National Category
Other Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311877 (URN)978-91-8040-235-4 (ISBN)
Presentation
2022-06-08, M108, Brinellvägen 23, KTH Campus, videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62323749048, Stockholm, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Förebyggande Brounderhåll
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2018-002Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 13038
Note

QC 20220509

Available from: 2022-05-09 Created: 2022-05-05 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Andersson, LouiseSilfwerbrand, Johan

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