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Effect of Ambient and Tyre Temperature on Truck Tyre Rolling Resistance
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center for ECO2 Vehicle design. (Vehicle Dynamics)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0109-6596
Scania.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center for ECO2 Vehicle design. Scania.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1036-6837
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center for ECO2 Vehicle design. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1426-1936
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2022 (English)In: International Journal of Automotive Technology, ISSN 1229-9138, E-ISSN 1976-3832Article in journal (Refereed) Accepted
Abstract [en]

Rolling resistance is consuming a large portion of the generated powertrain torque and thus have a substantial effect on truck energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. EU labelling of tyres mandates the manufacturers to measure rolling resistance at +25 °C ambient temperature after stabilised rolling resistance has been established. This is a convenient way of comparing rolling resistance but disregards aspects such as transient rolling resistance and influence of the ambient temperature. For many purposes, such as dimensioning batteries for electric vehicles, this value is not representative enough to give a good understanding of the rolling resistance. In this article, the rolling resistance of a truck tyre was measured at different ambient temperatures (-30 to +25 °C) in a climate wind tunnel and a considerable tyre and ambient temperature dependency on rolling resistance was found. The investigation shows that the temperature inside the tyre shoulder has a good correlation with rolling resistance. Measurements with spraying water on tyres were conducted showing a considerable increase in rolling resistance due to higher cooling effect. Driving range simulations of a long haulage battery-electric truck have been conducted with temperature-dependent rolling and aerodynamic resistance, showing a significant decrease in driving range at decreasing temperature.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2022.
Keywords [en]
Truck tyre, Rolling resistance, Climate wind tunnel, Ambient temperature, Tyre temperature, Battery-electric truck range
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312276OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312276DiVA, id: diva2:1658479
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-05195TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Note

QC 20221114

Available from: 2022-05-16 Created: 2022-05-16 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Truck tyre rolling resistance: Experimental testing and constitutive modelling of tyres
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Truck tyre rolling resistance: Experimental testing and constitutive modelling of tyres
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Global warming sets a high demand to reduce the CO2 emissions of vehicles. In the European Union heavy-duty road transports account for 6 % of the total greenhouse gases and one of the main factors affecting these emissions is related to the rolling resistance of tyres. The optimal usage of tyres is an important part of solving these challenges, thereby it is important to understand the parameters affecting rolling resistance and the different compromises coupled to them. These compromises could be analysed using computational and experimental methods. To set out the groundwork necessary to minimise the energy consumption of trucks and assess the different parameters affecting tyre behaviour, the following studies have been conducted during this thesis. A framework to model and parametrise truck tyre rubber has been developed for finite element simulations. The presented parallel rheological material model utilises Mooney-Rivlin hyperelasticity, Prony series viscoelasticity, and perfectly plastic networks. A method to reduce tuneable parameters of the model, which significantly simplifies possible parameter studies, is presented. The model has been parametrised using test data from dynamic mechanical analysis of samples from a long haulage heavy truck tyre, and shows a good agreement with the test data. To test the suitability of the modelling technique for tyre simulations, the constitutive model is used in various tyre simulations using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The material modelling technique is shown to work for static force-deflection as well as dynamic simulations estimating longitudinal force build-up with varying slip levels. Additionally, the modelling technique captures the uneven contact pressure in steady-state rolling, which indicates that the model could also be used in rolling resistance simulations. To study the change of ambient temperature on rolling resistance using experimental methods, a climate wind tunnel is used where the rolling resistance is quantified using a measurement drum. Tests were conducted between -30 °C and +25 °C, and a considerable ambient temperature dependency on rolling resistance was found. Moreover, temperature measurement inside a tyre shoulder is a good indicator for rolling resistance in a broad range of ambient temperatures. Finally, battery-electric long haulage truck driving range calculations are also conducted with varying rolling resistance and air density at different temperatures, showing a significant decrease of driving range with decreasing ambient temperature.

Abstract [sv]

Den globala uppvärmningen ställer höga krav på att minska tunga fordons CO2-utsläpp. Tunga transporter står för 6 % av de totala växthusgaserna i Europeiska unionen och att fokusera på optimal användning av däck är en viktig del för att minska förorenande växthusgaser. Därför är det viktigt att förstå parametrar som påverkar rullmotståndet och olika kompromisser kopplade till dem. Dessa kompromisser skulle kunna analyseras med hjälp av beräkningsmetoder och experimentella metoder. För att lägga grunden för att minimera energiförbrukningen för lastbilar och bedöma olika parametrar som påverkar däckens beteende, har följande studier genomförts i denna avhandling. Ett ramverk för att modellera och parametrisera lastbilsdäcksgummi utvecklades för finita elementmetod-simuleringar. Den presenterade parallella reologiska materialmodellen använder Mooney-Rivlin hyperelasticitet, Prony-series viskoelasticitet och perfekt plastiska nätverk. En metod har utvecklats för att reducera antalet justerbara materialparametrar i modellen, vilket avsevärt förenklar möjliga parameterstudier. Modellen har parametriserats med hjälp av testdata från dynamisk mekanisk analys och visar en god överensstämmelse mellan testdata och simuleringar. Provstavarna skars ut från ett lastbilsdäck för tunga fordon. För att testa modelleringsteknikens lämplighet användes den konstitutiva modellen i olika däcksimuleringar. Materialmodelleringstekniken har visat sig fungera för statisk vertikalstyvhet såväl som dynamiska simuleringar som uppskattar longitudinell kraftgenerering med varierande slipnivåer och olika friktionskoefficienter. Modelleringstekniken fångar ojämnt kontakttryck vid stationär rullning, vilket indikerar att modellen även kan användas i simuleringar av rullmotstånd. För att studera omgivningstemperaturens inverkan på rullmotståndet med experimentella metoder användes en klimatvindtunnel. Tester utfördes mellan -30 °C och +25 °C och rullmotståndet bestämdes med en mättrumma. Ett avsevärt beroende av omgivningstemperaturen på rullmotståndet påvisades. Dessutom indikerade provningen att temperaturmätning inuti däckskuldran är en bra indikator för rullmotstånd i ett brett område av omgivningstemperaturer. Räckviddsberäkningar för en elektrisk fjärrtransportlastbil utfördes med varierande rullmotstånd och luftdensitet vid olika temperaturer, vilket visade en signifikant minskning av körräckvidden med sjunkande omgivningstemperatur.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 46
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2022:31
Keywords
Truck tyre, PRF, filler reinforced rubber, ambient temperature, rubber testing, parametrisation, Finite-element simulation, Lastbildäck, PRF, gummi, förstärkande fyllmedel, effekt av omgivningstemperatur, gummiprovning, parametrisering
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312831 (URN)978-91-8040-283-5 (ISBN)
Presentation
2022-06-15, Sal E3, Osquars backe 14, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-05195TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Note

QC 220525

Available from: 2022-05-25 Created: 2022-05-24 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved

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Hyttinen, JukkaÖsterlöf, RickardJerrelind, JennyDrugge, Lars

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