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Denitrification process and suspended solids separation in deep-bed two-media down-flow filters
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering. Stockholm Water Co, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9639-4785
2021 (English)In: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, ISSN 1093-4529, E-ISSN 1532-4117, Vol. 56, no 11, p. 1273-1286Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A denitrification process with simultaneous suspended solids separation and denitrification was studied in pilot-scale filters. Denitrification rates for the total, upper, middle, and lower layer of the filter bed were 21.3, 79.0, 27.8, and 21.9 g (NO3+NO2)-N m−3 filter bed h−1 (g NOx-N m−3 h−1), respectively. The biofilm on the grains showed denitrification rates for not backwashed grains and grains backwashed once of 8.8 and 7.8 g NOx-N m−3 h−1, respectively, indicating a robust biofilm. Construction and operation strategies of full-scale filters were done based on the pilot-scale study results. For further optimization of the denitrification process, 1 of 60 filters in operation was chosen for a full-scale study. The denitrification rates for the total layer, upper layer, middle layers, and lower layer of the filter bed were 12.7, 15.6, 27.3, 27.9, 27.8, and 14.0 g NOx-N m−3 h−1, respectively. The rate of 27.8 g NOx-N m−3 h−1 was obtained for a middle layer in both filters. The amount of nitrogen possible to reduce in the full-scale filters was calculated to 8.8 mg N L−1 or 2403 kg N d−1. This paper presents results of denitrification rates, reaction orders, rate constants, and suspended solids separation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited , 2021. Vol. 56, no 11, p. 1273-1286
Keywords [en]
Denitrification, filter, filtration, reaction order, reaction rate constant, suspended solids removal, wastewater, Biofilms, Nitrogen oxides, Rate constants, Denitrification process, Denitrification rate, NO x, Reaction orders, Reaction rate constants, Scale filter, Solid separation, Suspended solid removals, Suspended solids, nitrogen, bioreactor, sewage, Bioreactors, Waste Disposal, Fluid
National Category
Water Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312938DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1986338ISI: 000712206100001PubMedID: 34709131Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85118198881OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312938DiVA, id: diva2:1661829
Note

QC 20220530

Available from: 2022-05-30 Created: 2022-05-30 Last updated: 2024-11-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Analysis of municipal wastewater sand filtration with denitrification, phosphorus removal, and suspended solids separation: Limitations and solutions for full-scale operation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis of municipal wastewater sand filtration with denitrification, phosphorus removal, and suspended solids separation: Limitations and solutions for full-scale operation
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Utsläpp av höga koncentrationer av näringsämnen till hav och sjöar leder till övergödning och därmed ökad tillväxt av alger i vattnet. Vattendragen tar emot näringsutsläpp från flera källor t.ex. jordbruksverksamhet och avloppsreningsverk. Trots ansträngningar för att minska utsläppen från reningsverk till Östersjön kommer 16 % av fosfor och 33 % av kväve av de totala antropogena utsläppen från kommunala reningsverk.

Henriksdals reningsverk i Stockholm beslutade redan för 25 år sedan att förbättra kvävereningen. För att åstadkomma både nitrifikation och denitrifikation i verket, var den hydrauliska uppehållstiden i biosteget nödvändig att förlängas. Luftningsbassängernas volym ökades från 65 000 m3 till 204 000 m3 genom att fördjupa dem från 4,9 m till 12,0 m. Ytterligare tre luftningsbassänger byggdes också till ett totalt antal av 14 st. För att ytterligare öka kvävereduktionskapaciteten, ökades susphalten (SS) i luftningsbassängerna från 1250 mg SS/L till 2500 mg SS/L. Detta skulle komma att överbelasta eftersedimenteringsbassängerna och därför byggdes de tre nya eftersedimenteringsbassängerna. Vid högflöden till verket kommer trots detta slamflykt att ske i eftersedimenteringsbassängerna. Därför byggdes 60 st. djupa tvåmedia nedströmsfilter med längden 10 m och bredden 6 m som ett slutsteg i verket. Detta gav 60 m2 filteryta per filter och en total filteryta på 3600 m2. Varje filter består av 0,5 m undre sandlager och ett 1,0 m övre bestående av filtermaterialet Leca®. Reningsverkets utsläppskrav är ≤10 mg N-tot/L som årsmedelvärde, ≤3 mg NH4-N/L som medelvärde under tiden juli – oktober, och ≤0.3 mg P-tot/L och ≤8 mg BOD7/L som kvartalsmedelvärden. Verket har idag ett medelflöde på 328 500 m3/d och 884 000 personer anslutna.

En pilotstudie genomfördes innan filtren byggdes och en fullskalestudie utfördes efter några års drift av de nybyggda filtren. Målet var att undersöka samtidig kväve-, fosfor- och SS-reduktion i filtren. Resultaten från fullskalestudien, som genomfördes med ett konstant flöde på 3,3 m/h, visade att det var möjligt att erhålla filtrathalter med järndosering oftast på ca 0,01 – 0,17 mg PO4-P/L, 0,09 – 0,70 mg P-tot/L, 0,5 – 6,1 mg NOx-N/L med kolkälladosering, och 2 – 7 mg SS/L. Med en hög kolkällados kan halten minska till 0,2 mg NO3-N/L i filtratet, men då finns det en risk att få oförbrukad kolkälla i filtratet och därmed höga halter av BOD7.

Det är mycket viktigt att erhålla filtercykler med långa gångtider för att filtren inte ska läggas i backspolningskön. Åtminstone två backspolningssekvenser under en backspolning behövs för att spola bort den SS som fastnar i filtret under drift. Kvarvarande SS efter backspolning kommer annars att minska gångtiden hos efterkommande filtercykel. Om det är slamflykt i eftersedimenteringsbassängerna, behövs minst tre backspolningssekvenser för att rengöra filtren. Gångtiden blev 16 – 27 timmar med Fe- och kolkälladosering, men utan kolkälladosering blev gångtiden 36 – 72 timmar i fullskalefiltret vid 3,3 m/h. Utan både Fe- och kolkälladosering kan gångtiden överskrida 200 timmar beroende på SS-halten i inkommande flöde till filtren. Den hydrauliska belastningen på filtren påverkade gångtiden mindre än Feoch kolkälladoseringen. Under fullskalestudien doserades filtren i medeltal med 2 g Fe/m3.

Denitrifikationshastigheten beräknades till 13,1 g NOx-N/(m3·h) och 19,6 g NOx-N/(m2·h) i fullskalestudien. I pilotstudien beräknades denitrifikationshastigheten till 21,3 g NOx-N/(m3·h) och 30,5 g NOx-N/(m2·h). Det är troligen lättare att övervaka och finjustera pilotfilter och Lena Jonsson TRITA-ABE-DLT-2439 iv därmed erhålla bättre resultat. Dessa värden erhölls i ”steady state” dvs. mot slutet av filtercykeln. Under de första 1 – 2 timmmarna i filtercykeln har inte denitrifikationsprocessen startat fullt ut och denitrifikationshastigheten blev 6,4 g NOx-N/(m3·h) och 9,7 g NOx-N/(m2·h) i fullskalestudien dvs. ca hälften av hastigheten i ”steady state”.

Filtercykelns gångtid är totalt beroende av det dynamiska tryckfallet som utvecklas i filtren under drift. Filtren sätter huvudsakligen igen av SS från biosteget, SS i försedimenterat vatten från förbigång av biosteget under inkommande högflöden, och kvävgas- och koldioxidbubblor som produceras i filtren vid denitrifikation. SS produceras också vid denitrifikation i filtren, men denna SS hittades inte i fullskalefiltret vid utgrävning av bädden efter studien. Dessa gasbubblor satte igen filtret abrupt, medan SS sakta satte igen filtret proportionellt mot inkommande SS-belastning. Kemisk SS huvudsakligen bestående av järnfosfat som fällts ut i filtren när Fe doserats kan eventuellt också sätta igen filtren, men detta undersöktes inte i studien.

Ett ”bestående” initialt tryckfall, som sakta ökar under flera års drifttid mättes i filtren. Detta tryckfall består huvudsakligen av oorganiska utfällningar i filterdysornas slitsar och på ytan av filterbäddens Leca-korn. För att minska detta tryckfall byttes dysorna ut till nya rena dysor eller skrubbades rena med en borste. Detta tryckfall kan också uppstå när filterbäddkorn ansamlas i utloppskanalen under filterbotten, vilket satte igen dysorna underifrån. Detta stoppade delvis vattnet vid backspolning och fluidisering av filterbädden. Högen med sand- och Leca-korn togs bort om det vid inspektion bedömdes att den översteg 0,1 m3. Oftare backspolning eller fler backspolningssekvenser motverkade också detta initiala tryckfall.

Abstract [en]

Discharge of high concentrations of nutrients to seas and lakes will lead to eutrophication and thereby increased growth of algae in the water. The water bodies receive nutrient discharges from several sources e.g. agricultural activities and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Despite efforts to reduce emissions from WWTPs to the Baltic Sea, 16% of phosphorus and 33% of nitrogen of the total anthropogenic emissions originate from Swedish municipal WWTPs.

The Henriksdal WWTP in Stockholm introduced nitrogen removal to perform nitrification and denitrification. Following this decision, it was necessary to increase the hydraulic retention time in the biological treatment step. The volume of the aeration tanks was increased from 65 000 m3 to 204 000 m3 by increasing the depth of the tanks from 4.9 m to 12.0 m. Three more aeration tanks were also built and added to the 11 tanks, resulting in 14 tanks in total. To further increase the nitrogen removal capacity, the concentration of suspended solids (SS) in the aeration tanks was increased from 1250 mg MLSS/L to 2500 mg MLSS/L. This would overload the secondary sedimentation tanks, hence three more tanks were added to the 14 tanks. At high hydraulic loads, sludge overflow would probably occur in the secondary sedimentation tanks despite this measure, and 60 deep-bed two-media down-flow filters, with a length of 10 m and a width of 6 m, i.e. a surface area of 6o m2, as the final tertiary treatment step in the WWTP. This gave a total surface area of 3600 m2. Each filter was filled with 0.5 m sand on the bottom and above 1.0 m of crushed Leca® material, i.e. a total filter depth of 1.5 m. The effluent demands are ≤10 mg total N/L as a yearly average value, ≤3 mg NH4-N/L as an average value from July to October, and ≤0.3 mg total P/L and ≤8 mg BOD7/L as quarterly average values. The plant has an average hydraulic load of 328 500 m3/d and 884 000 persons connected.

A pilot-scale filter study was performed before the filters were built and a full-scale filter study was done after some years of operation of the full-scale filters. The aim was to study simultaneous nitrogen, phosphorus, and SS separation in the filters. Results from the full-scale study performed at 3.3 m/h showed that it was possible to achieve concentrations of approximately 0.01 – 0.17 mg PO4-P/L with Fe dosage, 0.09 – 0.70 mg total P/L, 0.5 – 6.1 mg NOx-N/L with carbon source dosage, and 2 – 7 mg SS/L in the filtrate. With a high carbon source dosage, the concentration could decrease to 0.2 mg NO3-N/L in the filtrate. At that mode of operation, however, there is a risk of having a remaining carbon source in the filtrate giving too high concentrations of BOD7.

It was important to receive long times of operation for the cycles of filter operation in order not to keep the filters in a queue for backwashing. At least two backwashing sequences during backwashing were necessary to flush out the SS caught during the filter cycle. The remaining SS would otherwise decrease the time of the subsequent filter cycle. If there was a sludge overflow in the secondary sedimentation tanks, at least three backwashing sequences would be needed to clean the filter bed. With Fe and carbon source dosages, the time of operation became around 16 – 27 hours, and without carbon source dosage, times of the filter cycles of 36 – 72 hours were found in the full-scale filter at a hydraulic load of 3.3 m/h. Without both Fe and carbon source dosage, the operation time could exceed 200 hours depending upon the Lena Jonsson TRITA-ABE-DLT-2439 vi concentration of SS in the influent to the filter. The hydraulic load to the filters influenced the operation time to a lesser degree compared with Fe and carbon source dosage. A Fe dosage of around 2 g Fe/m3 was kept on the filters during the full-scale study.

The denitrification rate in the filter bed (per m3 or m2) in the full-scale study was calculated to be 13.1 g NOx-N/(m3·h) and 19.6 g NOx-N/(m2·h). In the pilot-scale study, the denitrification rate was calculated to be 21.3 g NOx-N/(m3·h) and 30.5 g NOx-N/(m2·h). It is probably easier to watch over a pilot-scale process and thereby receive better results. These values were found in steady state i.e. after the first 1 – 2 hours of a filter cycle. Before that, the denitrification process had not yet fully started and the denitrification rate became around half of the rate in steady state, 6.4 g NOx-N/(m3·h) and 9.7 g NOx-N/(m2·h) in the full-scale filter.

The operation time of a filter cycle depends on the dynamic head loss developing in the filter during the filter cycle. The filter is mainly clogged by biological SS leaving the secondary sedimentation tanks, SS origins from primary settled wastewater (PW) bypassing the biological treatment step during high influent flows to the plant, and nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide bubbles produced in the filter during denitrification. SS is also produced during denitrification, but this SS was not found in the full-scale filter when excavating the filter bed after the study. The nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide bubbles abruptly clogged the filter in contrast to SS which slowly clogged the filter proportionally to the influent load of SS. Chemical SS mainly consisting of iron phosphate precipitated in the filter when Fe is dosed might also clog the filter, but this was not investigated in the study.

An initial head loss that slowly increased during several years of operation was detected in the filters. This head loss mainly consisted of inorganic precipitates in the slots of the nozzles and on the surface of the Leca® grains in the filter bed. To decrease this head loss, the nozzles were exchanged for new clean nozzles or cleaned by brushing. The initial head loss also developed when filter bed material accumulated in the channel below the filter bottom and clogged the nozzles from below. This partly blocked the backwashing and fluidization of the filter bed. The Leca® grains removed from the bed were estimated to exceed 0.1 m3 at an inspection. Backwashing more frequently or with more sequences also prevented the initial head loss.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. xiv, 85
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2439
Keywords
backwashing, clogging, filter sand, headloss, Leca, nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, backspolning, igensättning, filtersand, tryckfall, Leca, kväve, fosfor, suspenderat material
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356921 (URN)978-91-8106-151-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-18, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67782514822, Sahara, Teknikringen 10B, KTH Campus, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20241128

Available from: 2024-11-29 Created: 2024-11-27 Last updated: 2025-01-03Bibliographically approved

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