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RANS Modelling of a NACA4412 Wake Using Wind Tunnel Measurements
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6025-2280
Sharif Univ Technol, Dept Aerosp Engn, Tehran 1458889694, Iran..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4109-0009
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1663-3553
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2022 (English)In: Fluids, E-ISSN 2311-5521, Vol. 7, no 5, article id 153Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Wake analysis plays a significant role in wind-farm planning through the evaluation of losses and energy yield. Wind-tunnel tests for wake studies have high costs and are time-consuming. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) emerges as an efficient alternative. An especially attractive approach is based on the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with two-equation turbulence closure models. The validity of this approach and its inherent limitations, however, remain to be fully understood. To this end, detailed wind-tunnel experiments in the wake of a NACA4412 wing section profile are compared with CFD results. Two- and three-dimensional RANS simulations are carried out for a range of angles of attack up to stall conditions at a chord- and inflow-based Reynolds number of Re-c = 4 x 10(5). Here, we aim to investigate the wake characteristics and self-similar behaviour, both from the experimental and numerical perspectives. The measurements are carried out by means of hot-wire anemometry capturing the wake pattern in several planes. The sensitivity of the CFD model to different configurations of the setup and the considerations required for reliable simulation are discussed. The agreement between CFD, experiments, and the literature is fairly good in many aspects, including the self-similar behaviour and wake parameters, as well as the flow field. Comparison of experiments with URANS/RANS data indicates that the latter is an adequate methodology to characterize wings and their wakes once the CFD setup is designed appropriately and the limitations due to discretization and turbulence modelling are considered.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG , 2022. Vol. 7, no 5, article id 153
Keywords [en]
wind tunnel measurement, airfoil wake, RANS modelling
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-313712DOI: 10.3390/fluids7050153ISI: 000802644000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129750499OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-313712DiVA, id: diva2:1667243
Note

QC 20220610

Available from: 2022-06-10 Created: 2022-06-10 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1.
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2. Wings, turbulent boundary layers and flow separation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Wings, turbulent boundary layers and flow separation
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Vingar, turbulenta gränsskikt och avlösning
Abstract [en]

The present doctoral thesis investigates the turbulent flow developing around wing sections, focusing on the impact of adverse-pressure-gradient (APG) conditions on turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) and the physics of flow separation. Both experimental and numerical methods are employed to generate high-fidelity data sets and provide an in-depth analysis of the flow.

The first objective of this thesis is the development of a comprehensive database for the flow around a NACA 4412 wing profile. For this purpose, adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is used together with the spectral-element method code Nek5000. With AMR, high-resolution Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are conducted at various Reynolds numbers (Rec = 2×105, 4×105 and 1×106) and angles of attack (AoA=5°, 8°, 11°, 14°), which were previously unattainable. The effect that strong APGs have on TBLs developing around a wing section is assessed through the collection of statistics and time series. The results demonstrate the influence of APG conditions on both the mean and variance profiles of velocity, and on the distribution and production of turbulence energy within the TBL. Additionally, the connection of APG TBLs with flow separation is explored through the development of an in-situ identification and tracking algorithm, tightly integrated into Nek5000. Our findings show that, in contrast to canonical flows, backflow events in TBLs under strong APGs extensively merge to form larger structures that grow exponentially in size, eventually leading to significant flow separation near the wing’s trailing edge.

Furthermore, a wind-tunnel experimental campaign is conducted to validate and extend the numerical results. Pressure, wall-shear stress and velocity measurements were carried out in the MTL wind tunnel at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The study also scrutinizes measurement methodologies for APG TBLs, examining uncertainties in skin-friction determination and the impact of hot-wire probe lengths on velocity variance profiles.

Finally, a study based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations, utilizing high-fidelity data for validation, is performed to assess the optimization of flow-control schemes based on blowing and suction. This study, later extended to a transonic airfoil, showcases Bayesian optimization (BO) as an efficient method for computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based optimization problems.

Abstract [sv]

Denna doktorsavhandling undersöker det turbulenta flödet runt vingsektioner, med fokus på effekten av negativa tryckgradienter (APG) på turbulenta gränsskikt (TBL) och fysiken bakom avlösning. Både experimentella och numeriska metoder används för att generera data och genomföra en noggrant analys av flödet.

Det första målet med avhandlingen är att utveckla en omfattande databas för flödet runt en NACA 4412 vingprofil. För detta ändamål används adaptiv nätförfining (AMR) i det spektralelementbaserade programmet Nek5000. Med AMR genomförs väggupplösta large-eddy simuleringar (LES) vid olika Reynoldstal (Rec = 2×105, 4×105 och 1×106) och anfallsvinklar (AoA=5°, 8°, 11°, 14°), vilka tidigare varit ouppnåeliga. Effekten av den starka negativa tryckgradienten på TBL som utvecklas runt vingsektionen bedöms genom insamling av statistik och tidsserier. Resultaten visar på APG:s påverkan på både medel- och variansprofiler för hastighet, samt på fördelning och produktion av turbulenta energien inom TBL. Dessutom utforskas sambandet mellan APG TBL och avlösning genom utveckling av en in-situ identifierings- och spårningsalgoritm, integrerad i Nek5000. Våra resultat visar att negativa hastigheter händelser i TBL under starka APG interagerar betydligt med varandra, sammanflätar och bildar större strukturer som ökar exponentiellt i storlek, och så småningom leder till betydande avlösning nära vingens bakkant. 

Dessutom genomförs en experimentkampanj i vindtunnel för att validera och utöka de numeriska resultaten. Mätningar av tryck, väggskjuvspänning och hastighet utförs i MTL vindtunneln vid KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. Studien granskar också mätmetoder för APG TBL, undersöker osäkerheter i bestämningen av väggskjuvspänning samt effekterna av längden på varmtrådprober på mätprofiler för hastighetsvarians.

Slutligen utförs en RANS-studie, där högupplösta data används för validering, för att bedöma optimering av flödeskontrollmetoder baserade på blåsning och sugning. Denna studie, som senare utvidgas till ett transoniskt vingprofil, visar på Bayesiansk optimering som en effektiv metod för CFD (computational fluid dynamics)-baserade optimeringsproblem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 101
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024-03
Keywords
Wings, turbulent boundary layers, adverse pressure gradients, flow separation, numerical simulations, wind-tunnel experiments, flow control., Vingar, turbulenta gränsskikt, negativa tryckgradienter, avlösning, numeriska simuleringar, vindtunnel-experiment, flow control
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Aerospace Engineering; Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-342447 (URN)978-91-8040-827-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-16, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 240122

Available from: 2024-01-22 Created: 2024-01-19 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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Tabatabaei, NargesMallor, FerminÖrlü, RamisVinuesa, RicardoSchlatter, Philipp

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