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A comparative life cycle assessment of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries for grid energy storage
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. Polarium Energy Solut AB, Jan Stenbecks Torg 17, SE-16440 Kista, Sweden..
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0033-9982
Polarium Energy Solut AB, Jan Stenbecks Torg 17, SE-16440 Kista, Sweden..
2022 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 358, p. 131999-, article id 131999Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Lithium-ion battery technology is one of the innovations gaining interest in utility-scale energy storage. However, there is a lack of scientific studies about its environmental performance. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries and conventional lead-acid batteries for stationary grid storage applications using life cycle assessment. The cradle-to-grave life cycle study shows that the environmental impacts of the lead-acid battery measured in per "kWh energy delivered " are: 2 kg CO2eq (climate change), 33 MJ (fossil fuel use), 0.02 mol H + eq (acidification potential), 10- 7 disease incidence (PM(2.5 )emission), and 8 x 10(-4 )kg Sbeq (minerals and metals use). The nickel cobalt aluminum battery is the best performer for climate change and resource use (fossil fuels) among the analysed lithium-ion batteries, with 45% less impact. The nickel cobalt manganese battery performs better for the acidification potential and particulate matter impact categories, with 67% and 50% better performance than lead-acid. The lithium iron phosphate battery is the best performer at 94% less impact for the minerals and metals resource use category. The use stage electricity and battery cell manufacturing processes have the highest contribution for the most impact categories. The sensitivity analysis shows that the use-phase environmental impact decreases with an increase in renewable energy contribution in the use phase. The lithium-ion batteries have fewer environmental impacts than lead-acid batteries for the observed environmental impact categories. The study can be used as a reference to decide how to substitute lead acid batteries with lithium-ion batteries for grid energy storage applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2022. Vol. 358, p. 131999-, article id 131999
Keywords [en]
Life cycle assessment, Lithium-ion batteries, Lead-acid battery systems, Grid storage application
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-313723DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131999ISI: 000800476700002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129315779OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-313723DiVA, id: diva2:1667373
Note

QC 20220610

Available from: 2022-06-10 Created: 2022-06-10 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Yudhistira, RyutakaKhatiwada, Dilip

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