This chapter introduces a framework for understanding rail transport resilience that incorporates supply shocks as well as positive and negative demand shocks. It focuses on demand disruptions with particular attention to the COVID-19 pandemic. Demand shocks can occur due to special events or various forms of societal upheaval and crises. The classification of demand shocks is done along two dimensions: whether demand increases or decreases and the time frame of the event. Data from Sweden are used to illustrate the impacts in the rail transport system of COVID-19, which provides a prime example of a long-term negative demand shock. The chapter finally identifies demand cut mitigation, supply responsiveness, and tenacity as three approaches to increasing the resilience to demand losses.