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A Combined Simulation-Optimization Approach for Robust Timetabling on Main Railway Lines
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Transport planning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6479-5645
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Transport planning.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1597-6738
2023 (English)In: Transportation Science, ISSN 0041-1655, E-ISSN 1526-5447, Vol. 57, no 1, p. 52-81Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Performance aspects such as travel time, punctuality and robustness are conflicting goals of utmost importance for railway transports. To successfully plan railway traffic, it is therefore important to strike a balance between planned travel times and expected delays. In railway operations research, a lot of attention has been given to construct models and methods to generate robust timetables—that is, timetables with the potential to withstand design errors, incorrect data, and minor everyday disturbances. Despite this, the current state-of-practice in railway planning is to construct timetables manually, possibly with support of microsimulation for robustness evaluation. This paper aims to narrow the gap between the state-of-the-art optimization-based research approaches, and the current state-of-practice to construct timetables by combining simulation and optimization. The paper proposes a combined simulation-optimization approach for double-track lines, which generalizes previous work to allow full flexibility in the order of trains by including a new and more generic model to predict delays. By utilizing delay data from simulation, the approach can make socio-economically optimal modifications of a given timetable by minimizing predicted disutility—the weighted sum of scheduled travel time and total predicted delay.  In a large simulation experiment on the heavily congested Swedish Western Main Line, it is demonstrated that compared with a real-life, manually constructed, timetable large reductions of delays as well as improvements in punctuality could be obtained to a small cost of marginally longer travel times. The cost of scheduled in-vehicle travel time and mean delay was reduced by 5% on average, representing a large improvement for a highly utilized railway line. Furthermore, a separate scaling experiment indicate that the approach can be suitable also for larger problems. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) , 2023. Vol. 57, no 1, p. 52-81
Keywords [en]
Timetabling, Train scheduling, Delay prediction, Punctuality, Railroad
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316472DOI: 10.1287/trsc.2022.1158ISI: 000854172900001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85150301044OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-316472DiVA, id: diva2:1688409
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2016/5090Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2020/72690
Note

QC 20231215

Available from: 2022-08-18 Created: 2022-08-18 Last updated: 2023-12-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Improving Timetable Robustness and Punctuality of Railway Traffic: A Combined Simulation-Optimization Approach for Nonperiodic Timetabling on Double-Track Lines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improving Timetable Robustness and Punctuality of Railway Traffic: A Combined Simulation-Optimization Approach for Nonperiodic Timetabling on Double-Track Lines
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To evaluate the robustness of a timetable against minor delays, it can be simulated. A natural question following a simulation is how the results can be used to improve the timetable, which has received limited attention in the literature. This thesis therefore aims to investigate how the combination of simulation and optimization can be used to improve robustness and punctuality of railway timetables, measures that are of great importance. In the thesis, I propose two-step methods based on first simulating a timetable and then optimizing it. I propose models to predict how delays and punctuality change when adjusting the timetable based on the simulation results. In turn, these models are used in the objective function to determine optimal adjustments for a given timetable. This approach is based on exact optimization distinguishing it from previous methods to create robust timetables using combined simulation and optimization.

The proposed methods were evaluated in simulation experiments on the Swedish Southern and Western Main Line, which are two highly utilized lines connecting the Swedish capital Stockholm with Gothenburg and Malmö (second and third largest cities in Sweden). The results indicate that the proposed methods improve punctuality and robustness in simulation at the cost of slightly longer travel times. Compared with two optimization-based methods from the literature and two optimization-based methods based on simple strategies that in principle can be implemented manually, the proposed methods result in either comparable or better robustness and punctuality. Furthermore, the results suggest (1) the methods are effective even if only minor adjustments are allowed; (2) they can be used on problem instances with a large number of trains; and (3) they are robust against under or overestimating the delays in the simulation step.

Abstract [sv]

För att utvärdera hur robust en tidtabell är mot mindre förseningar kan man simulera den. En naturlig frågeställning därefter är hur resultaten kan användas för att förbättra den, vilket bara till viss del har adresserat i litteraturen. Denna avhandling syftar därför till att undersöka hur kombinationen simulering och optimering kan användas för att skapa robusta och punktliga tidtabeller, mått som är av stor betydelse inom järnvägen. I avhandlingen föreslår jag tvåstegsmetoder baserade på att först simulera en tidtabell för att därefter optimera den. Jag föreslår modeller för att, baserat på simuleringsresultatet, prediktera hur förseningar och punktlighet ändras när man justerar en tidtabell. Dessa modeller används i sin tur i målfunktionen för att bestämma de optimala justeringarna av tidtabellen. Denna ansats är baserad på exakt optimering, vilket skiljer den från tidigare metoder för att skapa robusta tidtabeller med hjälp av simulering och optimering.

De föreslagna metoderna har utvärderats i simuleringsexperiment på Södra och Västra stambanan, vilket är två banor med hög kapacitetsanvändning som kopplar samman Stockholm med Göteborg och Malmö. Resultaten tyder på att de föreslagna metoderna förbättrar punktlighet och robusthet i simulering till priset av något längre restider. Jämfört med två optimeringsbaserade metoder och två metoder baserade på enkla strategier som kan implementeras manuellt resulterar de föreslagna metoderna antingen i jämförbar eller bättre robusthet och punktlighet. Resultaten tyder också på att (1) de föreslagna metoderna är effektiva även om endast mindre justeringar tillåts, (2) de kan användas på probleminstanser med många tåg, och (3) de är robusta mot att under- eller överskatta förseningarna i simuleringssteget.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 83
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2239
Keywords
Timetabling, Train scheduling, Delay prediction, Punctuality, Railroad, Robustness
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320765 (URN)978-91-8040-372-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-12-06, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH campus, videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65537677966?from=addon, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2016/5090Swedish Transport Administration, 2020/72690
Note

QC 202211-14

Available from: 2022-11-14 Created: 2022-11-08 Last updated: 2022-11-14Bibliographically approved

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Högdahl, JohanBohlin, Markus

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