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Sizing Transformer Considering Transformer Thermal Limits and Wind Farm Wake Effect
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5591-7287
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4065-715x
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2964-7233
Hitachi ABB Power Grids, Västerås, Sweden.
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2021 (English)In: 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia, ISGT Asia 2021, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Compared to the wind farm itself, wind farm transformers are often oversized with regard to their capacity and lifetime. One of the reasons is that power transformers are normally sized at planning stage according to their rated power limits instead of their thermal limits. The thermal limits are usually considered only in operation. In this paper, a new method is proposed to take thermal limits into account and size the wind farm transformer at planning stage based on the expected life of the transformer insulation. An analytical model of wind turbine wakes loss is combined with the transformer thermal model to calculate the expected lifetime of the transformer insulation more accurately. Different from the previous approaches, the proposed method considers both the wake effect and the time-varying ambient temperature. Results show that compared to using the constant temperature and predicted power output without wake loss consideration, the expected lifetime of transformer insulation evaluated after involving these two factors is closer to the result evaluated based on the measured wind power.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2021.
Keywords [en]
ambient temperature, transformer size, wake effect, wind power, Electric power system interconnection, Electric utilities, Power transformers, Temperature, Thermal insulation, Wakes, Expected lifetime, Planning stages, Power limit, Thermal limits, Thermal winds, Transformer insulation, Wake loss, Wind farm
National Category
Software Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316264DOI: 10.1109/ISGTASIA49270.2021.9715702ISI: 000812323700155Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85126996864OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-316264DiVA, id: diva2:1688883
Conference
2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia), Brisbane, Australia, December 5-8, 2021
Note

Part of proceedings: 978-1-6654-3339-6

QC 20220819

Available from: 2022-08-19 Created: 2022-08-19 Last updated: 2023-04-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Dynamic Thermal Rating for Improved Utilization of Wind Farm Export Systems: A Methodology for Improving Load Profile Estimation of Wind Farm Export Transformers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dynamic Thermal Rating for Improved Utilization of Wind Farm Export Systems: A Methodology for Improving Load Profile Estimation of Wind Farm Export Transformers
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The power system components connected to renewable energy sources, such as transformers, are often oversized and conservatively loaded. The design of transformers normally ignores the intermittent nature of the connected renewable energy sources (e.g. solar, wind). Due to the variations in weather conditions and operation states, the transformer load oscillates and the actual hot spot temperature is significantly lower than the designed thermal rating.

For wind farms, the oversized transformer causes extra resourcematerial waste and a higher wind power price. Dynamic thermal rating can be applied to determine the rating of the transformers based on real-time environmental conditions (e.g. ambient temperature, wind speed). However, in order to optimize the operation of the transformers with dynamic thermal rating, the prediction of the load profile of transformers is an obstacle.

The load of wind farm export transformers oscillates due to thechange of load conditions (e.g. turbine availability, power curtailment) and environmental conditions (e.g. wind speed, wind direction and ambient temperature). This thesis proposes a new methodology to improve the utilization of wind farm export transformers by estimating their load profile more accurately and assessing their aging rate. The estimation of the load profile takes the wake effect and turbine availability into account. Specifically, the variation in the wind turbine failure and repair rates, which is influenced by the wind, is considered in the evaluation of turbine availability. Additionally, a correction method is proposed to improve the accuracy of the wake loss computation.

The results demonstrate that the estimation accuracy of the transformer load profile is improved after considering the influence of the wake effect and turbine availability. The wake effect and the turbine availability reduce the generated wind power and to some extent, reduce the load and the aging rate of transformers. However, the wake effect has limited influence when the wind farm reaches peak power production while turbine availability influences the load profile of transformers especially when the load is close to the installed capacity of the wind farm. After considering these two factors, the prediction accuracy of the hot spot temperature in the transformers can be enhanced and dynamic thermal rating can be applied to transformers with improved reliability.

Abstract [sv]

Kraftsystemkomponenter som är anslutna till förnybara energikällor, såsom transformatorer, är ofta överdimensionerade och konservativt belastade. Konstruktionen av transformatorer ignorerar normalt sett den intermittenta naturen hos anslutna förnybara energikällor (t.ex. sol och vind). På grund av variationer i väderförhållanden och drifttillstånd, oscillerar transformatorbelastningen och den faktiska hotspottemperaturen är betydligt lägre än den designade termiska bedömningen.

För vindkraftsparker orsakar den överdimensionerade transformatorn extra resursmaterialavfall och högre vindkraftspriser. Dynamisk termisk bedömning kan tillämpas för att bestämma transformatorernas betyg baserat på realtidsmiljöförhållanden (t.ex. omgivande temperatur, vindhastighet). Men för att optimera driften av transformatorer med dynamisk termisk bedömning är förutsägelsen av transformatorernas belastningsprofil ett hinder.

Belastningen på transformatorer för export av vindkraftsparkeroscillerar på grund av ändringar i belastningsförhållanden (t.ex. tillgänglighet för turbiner, effektreglering) och miljöförhållanden (t.ex. vindhastighet, vindriktning och omgivande temperatur). Denna avhandling föreslår en ny metod för att förbättra användningen av transformatorer för export av vindkraftsparker genom att uppskatta deras belastningsprofil mer noggrant och bedöma deras åldrande takt. Uppskattningen av belastningsprofilen tar hänsyn till wake-effekten och turbinernas tillgänglighet. Specifikt beaktas variationen i felfrekvensen och reparationsfrekvensen för vindturbiner, som påverkas av vinden, vid utvärderingen av turbinernas tillgänglighet. Dessutom föreslås en korrektionsmetod för att förbättra noggrannheten i beräkningen av wake-förlusten.

Resultaten visar att uppskattningen av transformatorns belastningsprofil förbättras efter att ha beaktat wake-effekten och turbinernas tillgänglighet. Wake-effekten och turbinernas tillgänglighet minskar den genererade vindkraften och minskar till viss del belastningen och åldringstakten hos transformatorer. Wake-effekten har emellertid begränsad påverkan när vindkraftsparken når maximal produktionsnivå medan turbinernas tillgänglighet påverkar belastningsprofilen hos transformatorer, särskilt när belastningen är nära installerad kapacitet för vindkraftsparken. Efter att ha beaktat dessa två faktorer kan förutsägelsens noggrannhet för hotspot-temperaturen i transformatorerna förbättras och dynamisk termisk bedömning kan tillämpas på transformatorer med förbättrad tillförlitlighet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. ix, 57
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2023:28
Keywords
dynamic thermal rating, wake effect, turbine availability, transformer lifetime, transformer aging, dynamisk termisk klassificering, väckningseffekt, turbintillgänglighet, transformatorlivslängd, transformatoråldring
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325725 (URN)978-91-8040-531-7 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-05-08, Sten Velander, Teknikringen 33, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Stockholm, 16:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency
Note

QC 20230414

Available from: 2023-04-14 Created: 2023-04-13 Last updated: 2023-04-14Bibliographically approved

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Li, ZhongtianMorozovska, KaterynaHilber, Patrik

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