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Evaluating Performance and Cycle Life Improvements in the Latest Generations of Prismatic Lithium-Ion Batteries
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry. Scania CV AB, S-15187 Södertälje, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9559-0004
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1321-6639
Polestar Performance AB, S-41878 Gothenburg, Sweden..
Scania CV AB, S-15187 Södertälje, Sweden..
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2022 (English)In: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION, ISSN 2332-7782, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 3696-3706Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

During the last decade, the market interest for electrified vehicles has increased considerably alongside global climate initiatives. This has coincided with vast improvements in automotive-grade, lithium-ion battery performance. This has increased the range of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, but lifetime remains a challenge. Aging during fast charging is especially difficult to understand due to its nonlinear dependence on charge rate, state-of-charge, and temperature. We present results from fast charging of several energy-optimized, prismatic lithium-ion battery cell generations with a nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)/graphite chemistry through comparison of capacity retention, resistance, and dQ/dV analysis. Changes in cell design have increased energy density by almost 50% over six years of cell development and acceptable cycle life can be expected, even under fast charging, when restricting the usage of the available capacity. Even though this approach reduces the useable energy density of a battery system, this tradeoff could still be acceptable for vehicle applications where conventional overnight charging is not possible. The tested cell format has been used for a decade in electrified vehicles. The ongoing development and improvement of this cell format by several cell manufacturers suggests that it will continue to be a good choice for future vehicles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2022. Vol. 8, no 3, p. 3696-3706
Keywords [en]
Aging, Temperature measurement, Lithium-ion batteries, Transportation, Electrodes, Discharges (electric), Voltage measurement, electric vehicles (EVs), fast charging, Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA) PHEV2 battery cells
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering Construction Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316713DOI: 10.1109/TTE.2022.3158838ISI: 000837770500054Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85126323629OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-316713DiVA, id: diva2:1691551
Note

QC 20220830

Available from: 2022-08-30 Created: 2022-08-30 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Tools for characterizing performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tools for characterizing performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Lithium-ion batteries have enabled vast societal changes, ranging in scale from the adoption of personal electronics to electromobility and grid-scale, renewable energy storage. However, all applications face performance fade over time, observed as losses of battery capacity and power. This gradual degradation is most often due to electrochemical aging processes inside the cell, including phenomena causing a loss of cyclable lithium (e.g., lithium plating, growth of the solid­‑electrolyte interphase or SEI), a loss of active material (e.g., particle cracking), and/or a loss of ionic or electronic conductivity. In the compiled works, many individual batteries have been aged and analyzed to better understand the conditions contributing to aging in different cell designs. The cells studied include lab-built pouch cells, commercial cylindrical cells (with electrodes LiNixMnyCo1‑x‑yO2‑LiMn2O4/C6 and LiNixCoyAl1‑x‑yO2/C6‑SiOx), and larger automotive-grade prismatic cells (LiNixMnyCo1‑x‑yO2/C6).

Complementary in situ and post mortem methods are developed, with relevance for both battery research and battery control systems. Excellent characterization can often be achieved by a combination of differential voltage and incremental capacity analyses. Obtained from a simple, slow cycle, the derivatives of the voltage profile reveal many features that can be tracked over aging. This thesis particularly develops these techniques for blended electrodes, deconvoluting the aging of individual components. Dynamic performance is resolved with a novel polarization factor, impedance spectroscopy, and tools based on current pulses/interruptions. Finally, a protocol based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is developed, enabling fast and direct quantification of lithium plating and SEI on harvested battery components. With such tools, we can improve how batteries are used and monitored, paving the way for efficient research and safer, more reliable batteries.

Abstract [sv]

Litiumjonbatterier har haft en stor betydelse för samhällsutvecklingen då de möjliggjort allt från bärbar elektronik till elektromobilitet och balansering av elnätet. Tyvärr tappar batterier prestanda över tid, både genom försämrad kapacitet och effekt. Den gradvisa försämringen beror främst på interna elektrokemiska processer, varav förluster av cyklingsbart litium genom plätering av litiummetall eller tillväxt av deponerade skikt av nedbrytningsmaterial, så kallat SEI-skikt, är typiska. Andra mekanismer är degradering av de elektrokemiskt aktiva materialen och/eller förluster i ledningsförmåga. Avhandlingen behandlar ett stort antal battericeller som åldrats och därefter analyserats elektrokemiskt både under och efter cyklingen. Syftet har varit att förbättra förståelsen av degradering av olika batterityper som funktion av hur de har använts. I arbetet ingår labbceller såväl som kommersiellt tillgängliga cylindriska och prismatiska celler med nickelrik cellkemi ämnade för fordons-tillämpningar.

Kompletterande in situ och post mortem metoder har utvecklas med relevans såväl för forskning som för kontrollsystem för batterier. Utförlig identifiering av åldringsprocesser är möjlig med en kombination av differentiella spännings- och kapacitetsanalyser. Derivatan av en långsam upp- eller urladdningscykel ger nyttig information om åldrings-processerna som pågår. Arbetet i den här avhandlingen syftar till att förbättra metoderna särskilt gällande elektroder med fler än en aktiv komponent. Dynamiska driftegenskaper påvisades med mätningar av polarisering och impedans, samt strömpulsmetoder. Slutligen har en metodik utvecklats för att kvantitativt bestämma förekomsten av litiumplätering och SEI i post mortem analys med kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi. Med dessa metoder kan vi förbättra kontrollen av batterier för att förlänga deras livslängd, vilket gynnar såväl fortsatt forskning som en säkrare och mer tillförlitlig användning av batterier i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 66
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:21
National Category
Other Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326611 (URN)978-91-8040-577-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-09, K1, Teknikringen 56, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/meeting/register/u5Etce6sqTstE9Y4nbFlbiRT1GFpb5apYS_f, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 2023-05-11

Available from: 2023-05-11 Created: 2023-05-11 Last updated: 2023-05-26Bibliographically approved

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Svens, PontusSmith, Alexander J.Lindbergh, GöranLindström, Rakel

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