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Two-dimensional Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose Nanofibrils and Graphene Oxide
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Biocomposites. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4165-4353
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Two-dimensional (2D) nanocomposites based on cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and 2D nanomaterials are of interest as sustainable materials combining functional and structural properties. To achieve reinforcement effects from 2D nanomaterials, their orientation and dispersion state in the CNF matrix are important. In this thesis, nanocomposites based on CNF and graphene oxide (GO) platelets are investigated. The focus is on understanding nanostructure-property relationships, reinforcement mechanisms and interfacial molecular interactions. For this purpose, experimental investigations are combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. 

CNF-GO nanocomposite nanopapers with different GO content are prepared using vacuum filtration of stable hydrocolloid dispersions, followed by drying. Nanostructure and physical and mechanical properties are investigated. Even a small, “homeopathic” amount of large aspect ratio GO platelets (0.07 vol%) is shown to induce ordering in the CNF matrix resulting in strong property improvement. In order to add an additional functionality to such nanocomposites, the GO in CNF-GO wet cake (after vacuum filtration) is chemically reduced to reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The main idea is to preserve the homogeneous distribution of GO in the CNF matrix and then reduce GO to RGO to achieve electrical conductivity together with mechanical reinforcement. The mechanical properties are very high. Effects from moisture on the mechanical performance of CNF-RGO nanocomposite are also studied and compared to CNF-GO and neat CNF films. Although CNF-GO adsorbs more moisture, it shows higher tensile strength at 90% relative humidity (RH) compared to CNF-RGO and neat CNF. Moisture effects on molecular interactions at CNF-GO interface were further studied by MD simulations. Dry interfaces are formed even in water-soaked conditions. The reason is that the system gains entropy as trapped interfacial water diffuses to form bulk water. The CNF-GO interface shows higher interfacial shear strength than CNF-graphene or RGO, because of higher hydrogen bond density. This may contribute to the higher strength for CNF-GO compared with CNF-RGO, despite higher moisture content for CNF-GO at 90% RH.

Abstract [sv]

Tvådimensionella(2D) nanokompositer baserade på nanofibriller från cellulosa (CNF) och 2D nanomaterial är av intresse som hållbara material som har både funktionella och strukturella egenskaper. För att uppnå förstärkningseffekter från 2D-flak är deras orientering och fördelning i CNF-matrisen viktiga. I denna avhandling undersöks nanokompositer baserade på CNF och grafenoxid (GO). Fokus ligger på att förstå relationer mellan nanostruktur och fysikaliska egenskaper, liksom förstärkningsmekanismer och molekylära växelverkningar i gränsytan CNF-GO. För detta ändamål kombineras experimentella undersökningar med molekylärdynamisk (MD) simulering. 

CNF-GO filmer med olika GO-innehåll framställs med hjälp av vakuumfiltrering av stabila hydrokolloid-dispersioner, följt av torkning. Nanostruktur, fysikaliska och mekaniska egenskaper undersöks. Även en liten, "homeopatisk" mängd stora GO-flak (0.07 vol%) förbättrar orienteringen av CNF, vilket resulterar i stark egenskapsförbättring. För att lägga till ytterligare funktionalitet till sådana nanokompositer reduceras GO på kemisk väg i en våt kaka av CNF-GO (efter vakuumfiltrering) så att GO bildar reducerad grafenoxid (RGO). Huvudidén är att bevara den homogena fördelningen av GO i CNF-matrisen och sedan reducera GO till RGO för att uppnå elektrisk ledningsförmåga tillsammans med mekanisk förstärkning. De mekaniska egenskaperna är mycket höga. Effekter från fukt på mekanisk prestanda hos CNF-RGO nanokomposit studeras också och jämförs med CNF-GO och CNF-filmer. Även om CNF-GO adsorberar mer fukt, visar den högre draghållfasthet vid 90% RH jämfört med CNF-RGO och CNF. Fukteffekter på molekylära interaktioner vid gränsytan CNF-GO studerades ytterligare genom MD-simuleringar. Torra gränsytor bildas även under fuktiga förhållanden. Anledningen är att systemets entropi ökar när instängt, adsorberat vatten i gränsytan diffunderar ut och bildar högrörligt vatten i vätskeform. Gränsytan CNF-GO-gränssnittet visar högre skjuvhållfasthet än CNF-grafen eller CNF-RGO, på grund av högre densitet av vätebindningar. Detta kan bidra till högre hållfasthet för CNF-GO jämfört med CNF-RGO vid 90% RH, trots högre fukthalt för CNF-GO. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 66
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:40
Keywords [en]
Cellulose nanofibrils, graphene oxide, orientation, reinforcement, oxygen barrier, bio-nanocomposite, moisture, molecular adhesion, interfacial shear strength.
Keywords [sv]
Nanocellulosa, grafenoxid, orientering, förstärkning, syrebarriär, bionanokomposit, fukt, molekylär adhesion, skjuvhållfasthet hos gränsytan.
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316824ISBN: 978-91-8040-318-4 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-316824DiVA, id: diva2:1691953
Public defence
2022-09-30, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2022-09-02

Available from: 2022-09-02 Created: 2022-08-31 Last updated: 2022-12-15Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Strong reinforcement effects in 2D cellulose nanofibril-graphene oxide (CNF-GO) nanocomposites due to GO-induced CNF ordering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Strong reinforcement effects in 2D cellulose nanofibril-graphene oxide (CNF-GO) nanocomposites due to GO-induced CNF ordering
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2020 (English)In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A, ISSN 2050-7488, E-ISSN 2050-7496, Vol. 8, no 34, p. 17608-17620Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Nanocomposites from native cellulose with low 2D nanoplatelet content are of interest as sustainable materials combining functional and structural performance. Cellulose nanofibril-graphene oxide (CNF-GO) nanocomposite films are prepared by a physical mixing-drying method, with a focus on low GO content, the use of very large GO platelets (2-45 mu m) and nanostructural characterization using synchrotron X-ray source for WAXS and SAXS. These nanocomposites can be used as transparent coatings, strong films or membranes, as gas barriers or in laminated form. CNF nanofibrils with random in-plane orientation, form a continuous non-porous matrix with GO platelets oriented in-plane. GO reinforcement mechanisms in CNF are investigated, and relationships between nanostructure and suspension rheology, mechanical properties, optical transmittance and oxygen barrier properties are investigated as a function of GO content. A much higher modulus reinforcement efficiency is observed than in previous polymer-GO studies. The absolute values for modulus and ultimate strength are as high as 17 GPa and 250 MPa at a GO content as small as 0.07 vol%. The remarkable reinforcement efficiency is due to improved organization of the CNF matrix; and this GO-induced mechanism is of general interest for nanostructural tailoring of CNF-2D nanoplatelet composites.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2020
National Category
Biomaterials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-282261 (URN)10.1039/d0ta04406g (DOI)000566092600024 ()33796318 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85090791547 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201030

Available from: 2020-10-30 Created: 2020-10-30 Last updated: 2022-08-31Bibliographically approved
2. Strong nanopaperes based on cellulose nanofibrils and graphene oxide
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Strong nanopaperes based on cellulose nanofibrils and graphene oxide
2020 (English)In: ECCM 2018 - 18th European Conference on Composite Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory , 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

With respect to the importance of high performance bio-based composites, an attempt was made to prepare biocomposites based on cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and Graphene oxide (GO) to study the synergistic effect of their superior properties on the mechanical properties of the resultant biocomposite. Mechanical testing showed the addition of only 0.1 wt% of GO to CNF results in a composite with 17.3 GPa modulus. This effective reinforcement by adding a small amount of GO, shows the efficient stress transfer from CNF to GO that is the result of utilizing large GO sheets with high aspect ratio, effective dispersion of GO in the nanocomposite and the layered structure of the resultant nanocomposite.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Applied Mechanics Laboratory, 2020
Keywords
Biocomposite, Cellulose Nanofibrils, Graphene Oixde, Mechanical properties, Reinforcement
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-267996 (URN)2-s2.0-85084161857 (Scopus ID)
Conference
18th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2018, 24-28 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Note

QC 20200330

Available from: 2020-03-30 Created: 2020-03-30 Last updated: 2023-03-29Bibliographically approved
3. Interface effects from moisture in nanocomposites of 2D graphene oxide in cellulose nanofiber (CNF) matrix – A molecular dynamics study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interface effects from moisture in nanocomposites of 2D graphene oxide in cellulose nanofiber (CNF) matrix – A molecular dynamics study
2022 (English)In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A, ISSN 2050-7488, E-ISSN 2050-7496, Vol. 10, no 4, p. 2122-2132Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2022
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316572 (URN)10.1039/d1ta09286c (DOI)000741533700001 ()2-s2.0-85123719465 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 20220823

Available from: 2022-08-23 Created: 2022-08-23 Last updated: 2022-08-31Bibliographically approved

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Mianehrow, Hanieh

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