kth.sePublications
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Simulation-based Evaluation of Fixed to Flexible Transit
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Transport planning. KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Centres, Centre for Traffic Research, CTR.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4556-4382
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Emerging technologies have inspired a wide array of flexible public transit system designs characterized by varying degrees of demand-responsive routing and scheduling. The availability and synthesis of new data sources with higher degrees of spatial and temporal richness brought on by advancements in Intelligent Transport Systems allow for monitoring and responding to evolving supply-demand imbalances in real-time. The emergence of smartphone-enabled ride-pooling services and the development of automated vehicles have shown promise in offering flexible transit systems at a higher level-of-service and a lower per-vehicle operational cost.

Preliminary studies have indicated that reallocating resources from fixed transit services with low utilization rates to flexible transit services can improve public transit accessibility in low demand-density areas. Studies have also shown that shared automated vehicle services can drastically reduce the number of vehicles required to serve urban transport demand, reducing congestion and pollution. New technologies and flexible transit designs could foster city infrastructure planning oriented around people instead of cars. However, if high enough levels of ride-pooling and integration with existing high-capacity transit are not achieved, there are also indications that such services can poach passengers from more sustainable modes of transportation, increase total vehicle-kilometers traveled, and amplify trends of urban congestion.

A question that arises is how to evaluate the effects of novel flexible transport solutions as a competing or complementary alternative to traditional fixed public transit under alternative demand settings, technological settings, road network topologies, and objectives. Flexible transit systems are difficult to trial in parallel with the technologies that inspire their design, due to their cost of implementation and the time frame required for stable use patterns to emerge. 

Agent-based simulation frameworks have been utilized to systematically understand and develop theories around the dynamics of transport systems and traveler behavior using diverse data sources, while ideally also forecasting the effect of alternative transit designs and operational policies. Interest in applying agent-based simulation models to evaluate flexible transit systems has grown significantly over the past decade, however, are still limited in their ability to represent the vast flexible transit service design space. In this thesis, flexible public transit systems ranging from services with partially fixed routes and timetables to services with demand-responsive routes and timetables determined in real-time are appraised through extensions to the public transit simulation framework BusMezzo.

In each of the included papers, a flexible transit service design inspired by Intelligent Transport Systems and automated vehicle use cases is developed. This system is formalized with simplifying assumptions to make the problem tractable in terms of modeling, and then implemented in BusMezzo. The system, model, and implementation are evaluated in several case studies based on recurring fixed public transit supply-demand scenarios. Through the work of this thesis, key level-of-service trade-offs between fixed and flexible transit operations are explored. The resulting simulation framework includes essential components for modeling supply-demand dynamics of mixed fixed and flexible transit systems and enables systematic evaluation of a wider range of emerging public transit designs and scenarios.

Abstract [sv]

Ny teknik har inspirerat ett stort antal flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem som kännetecknas av varierande grader av efterfrågestyrd ruttplanering och schemaläggning. Tillgången till och syntesen av nya datakällor med högre grad av rumslig och tidsmässig detaljrikedom, som följer av utvecklingen av intelligenta transportsystem, gör det möjligt att observera och hantera den obalans som uppstår mellan utbud och efterfrågan i realtid. Framväxten av smartphone-baserade samåkningstjänster och utvecklingen av automatiserade fordon har visat sig lovande när det gäller att erbjuda flexibla transportsystem med högre servicenivå och lägre driftskostnader per fordon. 

Preliminära studier har visat att omfördelning av resurser från linjebunden kollektivtrafik med låg utnyttjandegrad till flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem kan förbättra tillgänglighet till kollektivtrafik i områden med lägre densitet av efterfrågan. Studier har också visat att delade automatiserade fordonstjänster kan drastiskt minska antalet fordon som krävs för att tillgodose persontransportbehov i storstäder, vilket minskar trängsel och föroreningar. Ny teknik och flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem kan främja infrastrukturplanering som är inriktad mer mot människor istället för bilar. Däremot, om nivåer av samåkning och integrering med befintlig högkapacitets kollektivtrafik inte uppnås i tillräckligt hög grad, finns det indikationer på att sådana system kan attrahera passagerare från mer hållbara transportmedel, öka antalet körda fordonskilometer och förstärka trängseln i storstadsområdena.

En fråga som uppstår är hur effekterna av nya flexibla transportlösningar kan utvärderas som ett konkurrerande eller kompletterande alternativ till traditionell linjebunden kollektivtrafik för olika typer av efterfrågan, tekniska förutsättningar, nätverkstopologier och målsättningar. Flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem är svåra att provköra parallellt med den teknik som ligger till grund för deras design, på grund av kostnaderna för genomförandet och den tid som krävs för att stabila mönster för dess användning ska kunna uppstå. 

Agentbaserade simuleringsramverk har använts för att systematiskt förstå och utveckla teorier angående dynamiken i transportsystem och resenärsbeteende med hjälp av olika datakällor, och ideellt uppskatta effekterna av alternativa kollektivtrafiklösningar och driftsstrategier. Intresset för att använda agentbaserade simuleringsmodeller för att utvärdera flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem har ökat betydligt under det senaste decenniet, men deras förmåga att representera det breda spannet av olika typer av flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem är fortfarande begränsad. I den här avhandlingen utvärderas flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem, från system med delvis fasta rutter och tidtabeller till system med efterfrågestyrda rutter och tidtabeller som bestäms i realtid, som utvärderas med hjälp av vidareutvecklingen av ett simuleringsramverk för kollektivtrafik, BusMezzo.

I varje artikel som inkluderas i den här avhandlingen, utvecklas en flexibel kollektivtrafiksystem som bygger på intelligenta transportsystem och användningsområden för automatiserade fordon. Systemet formaliseras med förenklande antaganden för att göra problemet hanterbart när det gäller modellering och implementeras sedan i BusMezzo. Systemet, modellen och implementeringen utvärderas i flera fallstudier baserade på återkommande scenarier inom traditionell kollektivtrafik. På så sätt utforskas centrala avvägningar mellan linjebundna och flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem i fråga om servicenivåer. Det resulterande simuleringsramverket innehåller viktiga komponenter för att modellera dynamiken i utbud och efterfrågan i kombinerade linjebundna och flexibla kollektivtrafiksystem. Detta möjliggör systematisk utvärdering av ett större antal nya koncept och scenarier för utformningen av framtida kollektivtrafiksystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 60
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2234
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316520ISBN: 978-91-8040-330-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-316520DiVA, id: diva2:1691975
Public defence
2022-10-07, D37, Lindstedtsvägen 9, KTH Campus, videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63780032834, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, H66430Vinnova, H6643Swedish Transport Administration, K1015
Note

QC 20220907

Available from: 2022-09-07 Created: 2022-08-31 Last updated: 2022-09-08Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Real-time short-turning in high frequency bus services based on passenger cost
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Real-time short-turning in high frequency bus services based on passenger cost
2017 (English)In: 5th IEEE International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems, MT-ITS 2017 - Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017, p. 861-866, article id 8005633Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we deal with the problem of determining when and where a bus should short-turn on a single bi-directional line in real-time. We formulate a decision rule for when to short-turn among candidate short-turning locations that is based on the objective of minimizing total generalized passenger travel cost including waiting times and forced transfer. Computational results and analysis are provided via a simulation study in BusMezzo, a dynamic, agent-based transit operations and assignment model that represents both vehicle as well as passenger progression. The simulation framework allows us to evaluate the resulting trade-off between passenger costs and transit performance that occur when a decision to short-turn is made. The proposed short-turning strategy is applied to a real-world high-frequency transit line in Stockholm, Sweden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215884 (URN)10.1109/MTITS.2017.8005633 (DOI)000426813700147 ()2-s2.0-85030223700 (Scopus ID)9781509064847 (ISBN)
Conference
5th IEEE International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems, MT-ITS 2017, Hotel Royal Continental, Naples, Italy, 26 June 2017 through 28 June 2017
Funder
VINNOVASwedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20171018

Available from: 2017-10-18 Created: 2017-10-18 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
2. Distribution of passenger costs in fixed versus flexible station-based feeder services
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Distribution of passenger costs in fixed versus flexible station-based feeder services
2020 (English)In: Transportation Research Procedia, Elsevier B.V. , 2020, p. 179-186Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a comparative analysis of demand-responsive and fixed-schedule, fixed route operations for a simplified station-based feeder to mass transit scenario. Traffic dynamics, demand-responsive fleet coordination, and the behaviour of individual transit users are represented using a public transit simulation framework. Each operational strategy is simulated for varying levels of demand and two fleet compositions with respect to vehicle capacities and fleet size are compared. The services are evaluated based on resulting passenger waiting times, in-vehicles times and additional waiting time if one is denied boarding a fully occupied vehicle. Results indicate that dividing planned service capacity into larger fleets of smaller vehicles can provide a higher level-of-service to passengers. On an aggregate level, utilizing a fixed operational policy results in shorter and more reliable waiting times for levels of demand where there is slack in service capacity. In scenarios where planned service capacity is sometimes exceeded, the on-demand service provides a more even spatial distribution of passenger waiting times, relative to a fixed service.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2020
Keywords
automated vehicles, demand-responsive feeder, simulation, spatial equity
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-274194 (URN)10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.077 (DOI)2-s2.0-85084684376 (Scopus ID)
Conference
22nd EURO Working Group on Transportation Meeting, EWGT 2019, 18 September 2019 through 20 September 2019
Note

QC 20200701

Available from: 2020-07-01 Created: 2020-07-01 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
3. Simulation of fixed versus on-demand station-based feeder operations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Simulation of fixed versus on-demand station-based feeder operations
2021 (English)In: Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, ISSN 0968-090X, E-ISSN 1879-2359, Vol. 132, article id 103401Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The paper develops a simulation model and evaluates fixed versus on-demand operational designs of a station-based automated feeder service. The evaluation considers the operational cost and average passenger level-of-service trade-offs as well as distributional differences in waiting times. Two case studies are used to evaluate such trade-offs under different fleet compositions; (1) a simple circular network feeder service; (2) a case based on a real-world coordinated branched service in Stockholm, combining fixed-line services on the trunk portion with a flexible feeder service on the branches. Results for the circular network indicate that there are benefits in utilizing an on-demand operational policy for the lowest and highest demand levels tested. When fixed service capacity is exceeded, it is found that there are potential benefits in on-demand operations with respect to average level-of-service, as well as delivering a more even distribution of passenger waiting times. Results for the real-world case show that combining DRT on branches with fixed services on the trunk improves the overall median waiting times for all DRT scenarios and provides substantial improvements for passengers on the trunk, at the cost of more variable, and less equitable waiting times on the branches. For larger fleet sizes, generalized travel costs are reduced with and without rebalancing and level-of service provided to branch-to-branch passengers is improved considerably by rebalancing idling vehicles to branch end-stops. The case studies demonstrate the usefulness of the simulation framework in evaluating trade-offs between fixed and on-demand service design variables and their effects on disaggregate level-of-service provided for stop-based feeder services.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
Demand-responsive transit, Feeder, Simulation, Automated vehicles, Reliability, Equity
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305091 (URN)10.1016/j.trc.2021.103401 (DOI)000715044600001 ()2-s2.0-85116591000 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20211123

Available from: 2021-11-23 Created: 2021-11-23 Last updated: 2022-08-31Bibliographically approved
4. An adaptive route choice model for integrated fixed and flexible transit systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An adaptive route choice model for integrated fixed and flexible transit systems
(English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in the transport community in the application of agent-based simulation models to evaluate flexible transit solutions characterized by different degrees of short-term flexibility in routing and scheduling. A central modeling decision in the development of an agent-based simulation model for the evaluation of flexible transit is how one chooses to represent the mode- and route-choices of travelers. The real-time adaptive behavior of travelers is intuitively important to model in the presence of a flexible transit service, where the routing and scheduling of vehicles is highly dependent on supply-demand dynamics at a closer to real-time temporal resolution. We propose a utility-based transit route-choice model with representation of within-day adaptive travel behavior and between-day learning where station-based fixed-transit, flexible-transit, and active-mode alternatives may be dynamically combined in a single path. To enable experimentation, this route-choice model is implemented within an agent-based dynamic public transit simulation framework. Model properties are first explored in a choice between fixed- and flexible-transit modes for a toy network. The framework is then applied to illustrate level-of-service trade-offs and analyze traveler mode choices within a mixed fixed- and flexible transit system in a case study based on a real-life branched transit service in Stockholm, Sweden.

Keywords
public transit, flexible transit, agent-based simulation, transit assignment, route choice
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316519 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV-2019/27044EU, European Research Council, 804469
Note

QCR 20220822

Available from: 2022-08-19 Created: 2022-08-19 Last updated: 2022-10-25Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(1431 kB)558 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 1431 kBChecksum SHA-512
19e6ff0f7b3c232bddcc05c96ee03618b969b8f2ce19554284cb764c9eecfbc993cfdb52bbc0ad9c9b60326adb2b20c5a9145ce6aea401afe077095c2b51dc27
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Authority records

Leffler, David

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Leffler, David
By organisation
Transport planningCentre for Traffic Research, CTR
Transport Systems and Logistics

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 562 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 2303 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf