Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) is used to acquire three-dimensional(3D) city model data over large areas. However, because of the longALS update cycle, building information models (BIM) could be utilizedto maintain city models. In this study, we designed, implemented, andevaluated a methodology to formalize the integration of BIM data intocity models. CityGML models were created from BIM data and ALS/footprint data based on common modelling guidelines. Both CityGMLbuilding models are modelled in a similar way and the relative differencesbetween the models are on the order of decimetres.

The current three-dimensionally (3D) delimited property units are in most countries registered using two-dimensional (2D) documentation and textual descriptions. This approach has limitations if used for representing the actual extent of complicated 3D property units, in particular in city centers. 3D digital models such as building information model (BIM) and 3D geographic information system (GIS) could be utilized for accurate identification of property units, better representation of cadastral boundaries, and detailed visualization of complex buildings. To facilitate this, several requirements need to be identified considering organizational, legal, and technical aspects. In this study, we formulate these requirements and then develop a framework for integration of 3D cadastre and 3D digital models. The aim of this paper is that cadastral information stored based on the land administration domain model (LADM) are integrated with BIM on building level for accurate representation of legal boundaries and with GIS on city level for visualization of 3D cadastre in urban environments. The framework is implemented and evaluated against the requirements in a practical case study in Sweden. The conclusion is that the integration of the cadastral information and BIM/GIS is possible on both conceptual level and data level which will facilitate that organizations dealing with cadastral information (cadastral units), BIM models (architecture, engineering, and construction companies), and GIS (surveying units on e.g., municipality level) can exchange information; this facilitates better representation and visualization of 3D cadastral boundaries.

With the increased interest and demand for 3D property, 3D property formation has shown increased significance. It is important to provide efficient, clear and unambiguous methods to form 3D property units, as well as register 3D property RRRs (rights, restrictions and responsibilities). The 3D property formation process should facilitate solutions to complicated problems within building projects (for example space above and below the ground) and provide secure and lasting rights in complex situations. Therefore, 3D property formation could use the same processes as for the formation of other property units, but adding specific rules and standards concerning the use of 3D models.Building Information Modelling (BIM) contains rich details of building characteristics such as structures, elements, spaces, schedules, etc. that can form the physical models of the 3D cadastre. The 3D property formation process requires that BIM data are exchanged between actors. To model this exchange, we utilize an open BIM process standard Information Delivery Manual (IDM). IDM helps to clarify the detailed property formation process, facilitates actors’ communication, harmonizes different product data models delivered and stored, identifies the results of that activity, as well as improves the management more efficiently and collaboratively. Level of Information Need (LOIN) is a framework that defines the extent and granularity of information, in order to prevent delivery of too much information. The LOIN specifies the granularity of information exchanged in terms of geometrical information, alphanumerical information and documentation, which should be used to specify the information delivery between actors.In this paper, we use LOIN as a basis to specify information requirements according to the 3D property formation purposes, and design a developed process of the Swedish 3D property formation in IDM. In the study, LOIN fulfills the requirements of forming 3D cadastral property in BIM models and harmonizes all involved actors in the whole process in IDM with a more common and standardized approach. The proposed methodology aims to facilitate a standardized and unambiguous digital 3D property formation process on a national level in order to improve and enhance the digital Swedish Cadastral and Land Administration Systems.

During the past decade, 3D property formation has shown increased interest and significance with high demand for 3D cadastre. The 3D property formation process should facilitate solutions to complicated problems within building projects (for example space above and below the ground) and provide secure and lasting rights in complex situations. In addition, the process should clarify clearly how the involved actors exchange and share information between each other. It is important to provide efficient, clear and unambiguous methods to form 3D property units, as well as to register 3D property RRRs (rights, restrictions and responsibilities).

In this paper, to achieve sustainable property management, a lifecycle process for 3D property formation is proposed with four phases: initiation, preparation, decision and registration phase. In order to model cadastral information and model exchange, we utilize the Information Delivery Manual (IDM, an open BIM process standard) for clarifying the detailed property formation process, facilitating actors’ communication and harmonizing 3D cadastral data models delivered, to improve the cadastral management more efficiently and collaboratively. In the IDM process map, the main actors are identified to illustrate responsibilities and activities to delivery of cadastral information and models. Moreover, the four phases of the lifecycle 3D property formation process are explained, and the detailed data/model exchange flow among different actors is described. A case study is developed to specify the Swedish 3D property formation process and information delivery between stakeholders in the IDM. The proposed methodology aims to facilitate a standardized and unambiguous digital 3D property formation procedure on a national level in order to improve and enhance the digital Swedish Cadastral and Land Administration Systems, but the methodology is quite generic and could be applied in other countries.

From an organizational and business perspective, current 3D cadastre lacks clarification of the complex network of various involved actors and poses challenges to coordinate the actors, which is time consuming and costly for 3D cadastral management. To better understand and address the actors' coordination and collaboration issues, we introduce business ecosystem-based 3D cadastral management that clarifies the interconnections between different involved actors. It focuses on ecosystem-level business value creation as a collective and inter-organizational coordination of the actors in the ecosystem. Moreover, based on and expanding the business ecosystem-based 3D cadastral management to a wider ecosystem – cadastre ecosystem, we propose a conceptual framework of cadastre ecosystem with five general components: policy, people, process, technology and business and identify 20 mechanisms by which these components interact. The network results indicate that each ecosystem components are interrelated to and interdependent of other components. The implication of our study is that a cadastre ecosystem is of strategical importance to the 3D cadastral management, that international cadastral standards are central for 3D cadastral management, that the cadastre ecosystem influences how to collaborate and manage the 3D cadastre, as well as how to develop the 3D cadastral business sustainably.