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Ethanol tolerance of Clostridium thermocellum: the role of chaotropicity, temperature and pathway thermodynamics on growth and fermentative capacity
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1347-7978
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND Clostridium thermocellum is a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. The low ethanol tolerance of this microorganism is one of the remaining obstacles to industrial implementation. Ethanol inhibition can be caused by end-product inhibition and/or chaotropicinduced stress resulting in increased membrane uidization and disruption of macromolecules. The highly reversible glycolysis of C. thermocellum might be especially sensitive to end-product inhibition. The chaotropic effect of ethanol is known to increase with temperature. This study explores the relative contributions of these two aspects to investigate and possibly mitigate ethanol-induced stress in growing and non-growing C. thermocellum cultures.

RESULTS To separate chaotropic from thermodynamic effects of ethanol toxicity, a non-ethanol producing strain AVM062 (Pclo1313_2638::ldh* ∆adhE) was constructed by deleting the bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase gene, adhE, in a lactate-overproducing strain. Exogenously added ethanol lowered the growth rate of both wild-type and the non-ethanol producing mutant. The mutant strain grew quicker than the wild-type at 50 and 55 °C for ethanol concentrations ≥ 10 g L-1 and was able to reach higher maximum OD600 at all ethanol concentrations and temperatures. For the wild-type, the maximum OD600and relative growth rates were higher at 45 and 50 °C, compared to 55 °C, for ethanol concentrations ≥ 15 g L-1. For the mutant strain, no positive effect on growth was observed at lower temperatures. Growth-arrested cells of the wild-type demonstrated improved fermentative capacity over time in the presence of ethanol concentrations up to 40 g L-1 at 45 and 50 °C compared to 55 °C.

CONCLUSION Positive effects of temperature on ethanol tolerance were limited to wild-type C. thermocellum and are likely related to mechanisms involved in the ethanol-formation pathway and redox cofactor balancing. Lowering the cultivation temperature provides an attractive strategy to improve growth and fermentative capacity at high ethanol titres in high-cellulose loading batch cultivations. Finally, non-ethanol producing strains are useful platform strains to study the effects of chaotropicity and thermodynamics related to ethanol toxicity and allow for deeper understanding of growth and/or fermentation cessation under industrially relevant conditions

Keywords [en]
Clostridium thermocellum, Acetivibrio thermocellus, chaotropicity, ethanol tolerance, temperature, growth-arrest, adhE
National Category
Microbiology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-319871OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-319871DiVA, id: diva2:1702202
Note

QC 20221011

Available from: 2022-10-10 Created: 2022-10-10 Last updated: 2022-10-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Insights into the metabolism of Clostridium thermocellum for cellulosic ethanol production
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Insights into the metabolism of Clostridium thermocellum for cellulosic ethanol production
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The societal goal of reaching net-zero CO2 emissions requires development of integrated biorefineries to produce biomass-derived fuels and chemicals. For sustainable second-generation bioethanol production, consolidated bioprocessing with the thermophile Clostridium thermocellum is regarded as a promising concept in view of the microorganism’s native ability to efficiently degrade plant cell wall material. However, for industrial implementation, improvements in ethanol titer and yield are needed. The aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge on the metabolism of C. thermocellum and thereby guide future metabolic engineering strategies to maximize the ethanol yield and titer.

Yield improvements and fundamental studies into the metabolism of C. thermocellum would benefit from higher utilization of hexose monomers as well as minimized byproduct formation. To investigate underlying mechanisms for growth on glucose and fructose, laboratory evolution in chemostats together with genome sequence-based reverse engineering was applied. This successfully revealed two underlying mutations with (regulatory) roles in metabolism or transport of the monosaccharides. Together, these mutations enable reproducible and constitutive growth and are relevant for follow-up studies into transport and upper glycolysis. Separately, the mechanism behind the surprising byproduct formation of secreted amino acids was investigated by knock-out studies in NADPH-supplying and -consuming pathways. Physiological characterization in cellobiose- or ammonium-limited chemostats of mutant strains, with deletions in the NADPH-forming malate shunt or in the putatively ferredoxin-dependent ammonium assimilation, demonstrated a central role of NADPH in driving amino acid secretion. The findings indicated that electron availability will be crucial for further yield improvements in the NADH-dependent ethanol pathway.

Fundamental mechanisms that might contribute to improved ethanol titer were addressed by studying thermodynamic and biophysical limitations. The pyrophosphate (PPi)-dependent glycolysis of C. thermocellum has been hypothesized to increase the overall ATP yield at the expense of the overall driving force. Knock-out studies combined with functional annotation of potential PPi-sources questioned this trade-off and increased knowledge of the PPi metabolism. The chaotropic effect (biophysical toxicity) of ethanol is commonly counteracted by lowering the cultivation temperature. Here, physiological characterization at varying ethanol titers demonstrated improved growth and fermentation at lower temperature. Comparisons to a non-ethanol producing mutant indicated both thermodynamic and biophysical limitations specifically in the ethanol pathway.

Overall, these findings suggest that improvements in ethanol yield and titer would benefit from a simplified glycolysis that is engineered for a high driving force. While this work is beneficial for second-generation ethanol production, these findings can also be broadly applicable in the research and development of C. thermocellum as a cell factory for sustainable production of other fuels and chemicals. 

Abstract [sv]

Samhällsmålet att nå nettonoll CO2 utsläpp kräver att integrerade bioraffinaderier utvecklas för att producera bränslen och kemikalier baserade på biomassa. För hållbar andra-generationens bioetanol-produktion betraktas konsoliderad bioprocessering med termofilen Clostridium thermocellum som ett lovande koncept, utifrån dess naturliga förmåga att effektivt bryta ner växtcellväggar. Emellertid krävs ökad titer och utbyte av etanol för att nå industriell implementering. Målet med denna avhandling var att öka kunskapen om C. thermocellums metabolism och därmed vägleda framtida strategier för att maximera utbytet och titern av etanol genom metabolic engineering.

Förbättringar i utbytet samt fundamentala studier på metabolism hos C. thermocellum skulle gynnas av ett större utnyttjande av C6-mono-sackarider samt minskad produktion av biprodukter. Underliggande mekanismer för tillväxt på glukos och fruktos undersöktes med laboratory evolution i kemostater samt genomsekvensbaserad reverse engineering. I denna studie avslöjades två underliggande mutationer med (regulatoriska) roller i metabolismen eller transporten av dessa monosackarider. Tillsammans möjliggjorde dessa mutationer reproducerbar och konstitutiv tillväxt. Mutationerna är även relevanta för uppföljningsstudier av sockertransport och den övre glykolysen. Därutöver studerades den oväntade biproduktgruppen, aminosyror, genom knockoutstudier på NADPH-producerande och -konsumerande reaktionsvägar. Stammar med knockouts i den NADPH-producerande malatshunten eller i den potentiellt ferredoxin-kopplade ammoniumassimileringen karaktäriserades fysio-logiskt i cellobios- och ammoniumbegränsande kemostater. Detta visade att NADPH har en central roll i att driva aminosyrautsöndring. Dessa upptäckter indikerade att elektrontillgänglighet är kritiskt för att öka utbytet i den NADH-beroende etanolproduktionen. 

Fundamentala mekanismer som skulle kunna bidra till förbättrad titer av etanol studerades från termodynamiska och biofysiska perspektiv. En rådande hypotes har varit att den pyrofosfat (PPi)-beroende glykolysen hos C. thermocellum ökar ATP-utbytet på bekostnad av den totala termodynamiska drivkraften. Knockoutstudier kombinerat med funktionell annotering av potentiella PPi-källor ifrågasatte denna hypotes och ökade förståelsen av PPi metabolismen. Den kaotropiska effekten (biofysisk toxicitet) av etanol dämpas ofta i industriella processer genom att sänka odlingstemperaturen. Här demonstrerade fysiologisk karaktärisering vid olika etanoltiter att tillväxt och fermentering förbättras vid lägre temp-eraturer. En jämförelse mellan en modifierad icke-etanolproducerande stam och vildtypen indikerade att etanolproduktionen är begränsad av både termodynamiska och biofysiska faktorer. 

I helhet antyder dessa forskningsresultat att förbättringar i utbytet och titern av etanol skulle gynnas av en förenklad glykolys, konstruerad för att ge en hög termodynamisk drivkraft. Fastän denna avhandling fokuserar på andra-generationens etanolproduktion, kan dessa forskningsrön även appliceras mer brett i forskning och utveckling av C. thermocellum som en cellfabrik för hållbar produktion av andra bränslen och kemikalier. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2022. p. 87
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022:51
Keywords
Clostridium thermocellum, ethanol, glucose, fructose, amino acids, pyrophosphate, chaotropicity, thermodynamic driving force, laboratory evolution, chemostats, metabolic engineering
National Category
Other Industrial Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-319878 (URN)978-91-8040-366-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-11-08, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63457293693, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Note

QC 2022-10-11

Available from: 2022-10-11 Created: 2022-10-10 Last updated: 2022-11-04Bibliographically approved

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Kuil, TeunYayo, Johannesvan Maris, Antonius J. A.

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