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The Effect of the Endothermic Reaction Nature on the Iron Ore Pellet Reduction Using Hydrogen
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering. Research & Innovation, Hybrit Development AB, Klarabergsviadukten 70, 111 64, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3548-8638
2022 (English)In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science, ISSN 1073-5615, E-ISSN 1543-1916, Vol. 53, no 2, p. 1258-1268Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A novel experimental setup for simultaneous weight, surface temperature, and center temperature tracking of a single iron ore pellet under reducing conditions has been utilized. Studies conducted in the setup indicate that the reduction of iron ore pellets in a pure hydrogen atmosphere is controlled by several transport steps inside the pellet. It is further shown that for a period of time during reduction, the reduction rate is limited by the heat transfer inside the sample. Any attempt to make accurate and robust models of the hydrogen based iron ore reduction process must therefore consider heat transfer in the pellet. The reduction is observed to take place in a reduction zone extending along the pellet radius, consisting of a mix of different phases. The amount of the different phases varies with radial position and time, as does the observed temperature gradient between the surface and the center of the pellet. Representative literature data on actual transfer coefficients of this system is therefore not available. Apparent thermal conductivities for the different experimental temperatures are evaluated based on the experimental data and found to be significantly lower than the corresponding value for dense iron.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2022. Vol. 53, no 2, p. 1258-1268
Keywords [en]
Atmospheric temperature, Heat transfer, Hydrogen, Iron ore pellets, Iron ore reduction, Pelletizing, Thermal conductivity, % reductions, Accurate modeling, Endothermic reactions, Hydrogen atmosphere, Pellet reduction, Reducing conditions, Reduction rate, Surface centers, Surface temperatures, Temperature tracking, Iron ores
National Category
Social Anthropology Building Technologies Other Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-319962DOI: 10.1007/s11663-021-02405-1ISI: 000745746300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85123504042OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-319962DiVA, id: diva2:1704112
Note

QC 20221017

Available from: 2022-10-17 Created: 2022-10-17 Last updated: 2024-03-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Some aspects of hydrogen reduction of iron ore
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Some aspects of hydrogen reduction of iron ore
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Fines of hematite and magnetite were studied in the fluidized bed using a pure hydrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 768 to 888 K. Hematite pellets were studied based on Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) experiments using hydrogen atmospheres containing 0–15 % pH2O, in the temperature range of 873 to 1173 K. Thermocouples in contact with the pellet’s surface and embedded in the pellet’s center recorded the thermal gradient in the pellet during reduction. The fluidized bed and the TGA experiments used an alternative method to start the reaction. The furnace was pre-heated with a reactive atmosphere. After this, the reaction was initiated by introducing the sample to the hot furnace, to eliminate the effect of gas dilution during gas switching. After the experiments, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)analyses were employed to study the reduction microstructures. Both types of fines showed similar reduction rates. Fines and pellets showed high initial reduction rates, which increased with increasing temperatures. The reduction rate in the last reduction stage was low for both fines and pellets. An increasing pH2O content in the atmosphere lowered the reaction rate, and theeffect decreased with increased temperature. A difference between the pellet's surface and center temperatures was observed during reduction. The pellet'smacro-pore structure was seen to be unaltered by changes in temperature or atmosphere. However, at 873 K, the iron product microstructure was found to be highly porous. Furthermore, increasing temperatures caused dense iron to form. In addition, when porous iron or iron oxides were observed, increasing pH2O contentsincreased the pore diameter but decreased the pore amount. Pellet properties with varied pellet compositions were also investigated using Cold Crushing Strength (CCS), reduction in a TGA setup, and melting experiments. The composition was not found to influence the mechanical or reduction properties but significantly affected the phosphorus refining during melting.The results showed that a mixed reaction rate control occurred during the early reduction stage for both the fines and the pellets. The temperature differences observed during this reduction stage resulted from a combined effect of heat transfer and an endothermic chemical reaction. The impact of water in the atmosphere influenced the reaction rate through the backward reaction and mass transfer. At 873 K, the retarding effect is mainly caused by the backwardreaction. The results show the late stage of reduction to be primarily diffusioncontrolled. In addition, it should be possible to alter the pellet composition while maintaining pellet properties to increase the usefulness of the pellet.

Abstract [sv]

Reduktion av hematit- och magnetitpulver studerades i ren vätgas i en fluidbädd, i temperaturintervallet 768–888 K. Hematitpellets studerades i en Termogravimetrisk Analysutrustning (TGA), i temperaturintervallet 873–1173 K med en atmosfär av vätgas och 0–15 % pH2O. Även termoelement borrades in i kärnan på pellets innan reduktion. Tillsammans med ett termoelement i kontakt med pelletens yta kunde temperaturgradienten i pelleten mätas under reduktionen. Ett alternativt sätt att starta reduktionen i både fluidbädden och TGA-utrustningen användes, där provet introducerades till en varm ugn och en stabil reaktiv atmosfär från ett icke-reagerande tillstånd vid låg temperatur. I den traditionella metoden värms provet upp till den experimentella temperaturen i inert gas, varefter gasen byts ut till en reaktiv gas för att starta reaktionen. Metodförändringen gjordes för att undvika osäkerheter som annars kan introduceras av utspädningssteget i den tidigare metoden. Analys med Svep Elektron Mikroskopi (SEM) genomfördes för att följa reduktionen. Båda typerna av malmpulver reducerade med en liknande hastighet. Reduktionen av både pulver och pellets var snabb i början, och hastigheten ökade med en ökande temperatur. Reduktionshastigheten under den sista delen av reduktionen var långsam, och där hade temperaturen inte stor inverkan. För pellets visade ett ökande pH2O värde på sjunkande reaktionshastighet, men effekten avtog med en ökande temperatur. Under reduktionen uppmättes en temperaturskillnad mellan pelletens yta och centrum vid samtliga temperaturer. Ingen skillnad i pelletens makroporositet kunde ses med en ändrad temperatur. Däremot skiljde sig mikrostrukturen i kornen åt. Vid 873 K bildade järnet en porös struktur, men vid en högre temperatur var det bildade järnet solitt. Med ökande pH2O värden vid 873 K sågs pordiametern i järnet öka men antalet porer minska. Porös järnoxid observerades under reduktionen vid samtliga temperaturer och pH2O värden, och ökande temperaturer eller pH2O värden sågs öka pordiametern och minska porantalet. Pelletsegenskaper utvärderades med avseende på sammansättning, genom att tre pelletsammansättningar testades genom ett Cold Crushing Strength (CCS) test, TGA- och smältexperiment. Sammansättningen visade inte på någon förändring med avseende på mekaniska egenskaper eller reduktionsegenskaper, men dess fosforreningsegenskaper varierade med sammansättningen. Resultaten visar på att reduktionen styrs av flera parallella mekanismer, både vid pulver- och pelletreduktion. Skillnaden mellan den uppmätta temperaturen i provet och den experimentella temperaturen visar en inverkan av både värmetransport och den endotermiska reaktionen. Effekten som pH2O ses ha, visar på inverkan från både diffusion och bakåtreaktionen. Resultaten visar också att den sista delen av reduktionen i huvudsak är styrd av diffusion. Det kunde också visas att pelletens sammansättning kan förändras för att förbättra pelletens användbarhet, utan att påverka dess mekaniska egenskaper eller reduktionsegenskaper.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 79
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2024:5
Keywords
hydrogen, reduction, iron ore, mechanisms, microstructure
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344634 (URN)978-91-8040-882-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-04-12, D3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65736843659, Lindstedtsvägen 9, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2024-03-22 Created: 2024-03-22 Last updated: 2024-04-16Bibliographically approved

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