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Going from Lineside to In-cab Railway Signaling: Driveability Issues and Solutions
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Transport planning. Statens Väg- och Transportforskningsinstitut.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5586-3688
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

From many perspectives there is a need to understand more of how capacity, signal systems, anddriving behavior interact, and naturally since ERTMS is in its early stage, some areas are stillunexplored. The number of retrofitted ERTMS lines and new designed ERTMS lines are increasing inEurope, which implies extra focus on the capacity optimization in the network planning process.Many of these signaling projects involves going from traditional national lineside signaling to ERTMS.One of the parameters in capacity assessments that is relatively unexplored is the impact of the traindriver. One important knowledge gap to fill is how simulation parameters should be adapted formore realistic capacity planning, based on driving behavior. ERTMS support new possibilities ofsignaling with its design of line speed profiles, but what consequences does the choices lead to? It isan important topic since ERTMS is a paradigm shift in train driving, and driveability has an impact onsafety, energy consumption, and capacity. The purpose of this PhD project is adding knowledge tothis field. The work has been carried out incrementally, beginning with investigation of drivingbehavior with Swedish traditional lineside signaling (ATC), and with this new information proceedingto the area of ERTMS. In the next step, train driving behavior was investigated for ERTMS with a newmeasuring method based on the standardized ETCS radio signaling. ERTMS lines have been evaluatedas more challenging to drive, and a systematic literature review was conducted to understand ERTMSdriveability and how driveability can be assessed. In the overall picture the impact on driveabilityoriginates from both technological, organizational, and train driver aspects. Analyzing the researchobjectives in this area aims at contributing to a more effective and beneficial network planningprocess. Lastly, one of the proposed methods to achieve increased driveability, speed-filtering, wasexamined and revealed good effects on driver workload, capacity, and energy consumption. Usingtraditional train traffic measurement methods based on train onboard equipment are associatedwith legal challenges and time-consuming post-processing, and the new proposed ERTMS remotemethod initiates a new efficient framework for this research purpose. From a method perspective,the train driver simulator enables comprehensive driver behavior studies, where safety regulationsnormally constrain real train setups.

Abstract [sv]

Ur flera perspektiv finns det ett behov av att förstå mer om hur kapacitet, signalsystem ochkörbeteende samverkar, och eftersom ERTMS är i ett tidigt skede är det naturligt med vissaoutforskade områden. Antalet ERTMS-linjer som bygger på gamla signalprojekteringar ochnyprojekterade ERTMS-linjer ökar i Europa, vilket innebär extra fokus på kapacitetsoptimering iplaneringen av järnvägsnätet. Många av dessa signalprojekt handlar om att gå från traditionellnationell signalering till ERTMS. En av parametrarna i kapacitetsbedömningar som är relativtoutforskad är tågförarens inverkan. En viktig kunskapslucka att fylla är hur simuleringsparametrar böranpassas för en mer realistisk kapacitetsplanering baserat på körbeteende. ERTMS stöder nyamöjligheter att signalera med sin design av hastighetsprofiler, men vilka konsekvenser får valen?Detta är ett viktigt ämne eftersom ERTMS är ett paradigmskifte i tågförning, och körbarhet påverkarsäkerhet, energiförbrukning och kapacitet. Syftet med detta doktorandprojekt är att bidra medkunskap inom området. Arbetet har utförts stegvis, först genomfördes en utredning av körbeteendemed svensk traditionell signalering (ATC), och med denna nya kunskap sedan vidare till ERTMS-området. I nästa steg av projektet undersöktes förarbeteende för ERTMS med en ny mätmetodbaserad på standardiserad ETCS-radiosignalering. Metoden erbjuder ett brett spektrum av analyserav tågförning för ERTMS på ett nytt effektivt sätt. ERTMS-linjer har utvärderats som mer utmanandeatt köra, och i perspektivet av detta genomfördes en systematisk litteraturgranskning för att förståERTMS körbarhet och hur körbarhet kan bedömas. Från ett övergripande perspektiv påverkar bådetekniska-, organisatoriska- och tågföraraspekter körbarheten. Forskningen inom detta område syftartill att bidra till en mer effektiv och hållbar signalplanering. Till sist studerades en av de föreslagnametoderna för att öka körbarhet, nämligen hastighetsfiltrering, som visade goda effekter påarbetsbelastning, kapacitet och energiförbrukning. Användning av traditionella mätmetoder,baserade på ombord-utrustning, är förknippade med juridiska utmaningar och tidsödandedatabearbetning. Den nya föreslagna mätmetoden möjliggör ett nytt effektivt ramverk för dettaforskningsområde. Från ett metodperspektiv möjliggör tågförarsimulatorn omfattandekörbeteendestudier där regelverk förhindrar studier i en riktig lokförarmiljö.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 53
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2241
Keywords [en]
ERTMS, ETCS, Driving behavior, signaling
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320882ISBN: 978-91-8040-400-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-320882DiVA, id: diva2:1707936
Public defence
2022-12-02, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67442837528, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 2022-11-03

Available from: 2022-11-03 Created: 2022-11-02 Last updated: 2022-11-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Simulated and real train driving in a lineside automatic train protection (ATP) system environment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Simulated and real train driving in a lineside automatic train protection (ATP) system environment
2020 (English)In: Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management, ISSN 2210-9706, E-ISSN 2210-9714, Vol. 16, article id 100205Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents the differences between the train traffic simulation tool RailSys and real train traffic with focus on Electrical Multiple Units (EMU) and the Swedish automatic train protection (ATP) system ATC, on a single-track line. Braking, acceleration, different types of resistance and running times have been investigated. From this study it can be concluded that the margins to unconditional ATC braking is high with this specific ATC implementation and parameters, and that the braking differs depending on the signal target. Compared to RailSys with parameters settings according to Swedish Transport Administration recommendations, the measurements show significantly lower acceleration and deceleration, which results in differences between measured and simulated running time.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294477 (URN)10.1016/j.jrtpm.2020.100205 (DOI)000597313000005 ()2-s2.0-85086564384 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20210526

Available from: 2021-05-18 Created: 2021-05-18 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
2. Radio Communication-Based Method for Analysis of Train Driving in an ERTMS Signaling Environment.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Radio Communication-Based Method for Analysis of Train Driving in an ERTMS Signaling Environment.
2022 (English)In: European Transport Research Review, ISSN 1867-0717, E-ISSN 1866-8887, Vol. 14, article id 18Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: ERTMS is an important project improving cross-border interoperability throughout Europe by a singlerail signaling standard. One advantage following this development is a standardized radio signaling, which can betracked by logging the data transfer using the ETCS protocol between Radio Block Center and train. This means that abroad spectrum of train driving can be analyzed in terms of for example driving behavior, signal planning and capacityin a new efficient way.

Methods: In this paper a radio-based protocol method to achieve this, is presented and applied for studying brakingcharacteristics in terms of meeting point design. The aim was to design, apply and validate a radio-based train datacollection method to enable cost-efficient and avoid time-consuming train data collections. To enable comparisonbetween the results from the suggested radio-based method and traditional methods, a verification measurementwas performed. Three different alternatives of speed calculation were validated. These were based on: Train PositionReport speed; calculation of average speed based on reported train position; processed reported train position formingthe average speed. The best alternative was then applied to examine deceleration towards different signal targetsat single-track meeting points.

Results: The results from this study suggest that the ETCS Level 2 protocol is a feasible way to collect train dynamicsdata. The method is time saving when it comes to train driver behavior studies where several trains and drivers areneeded to get significant results. Comparison with traditional GPS method suggest that the method is valid. Mostpromising is the alternative using processed train position.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2022
Keywords
ERTMS, ETCS, Signaling, Radio-based, Train dynamics, Braking characteristics
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294347 (URN)10.1186/s12544-022-00542-5 (DOI)000796504800001 ()2-s2.0-85130636336 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20230612

Available from: 2021-05-17 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2023-06-20Bibliographically approved
3. Driveability analysis of the european rail transport management system (ERTMS): A systematic literature review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Driveability analysis of the european rail transport management system (ERTMS): A systematic literature review
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management, ISSN 2210-9706, E-ISSN 2210-9714, Vol. 18, article id 100240Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Train drivers in Sweden had the opportunity to test the new European Rail Transport Management System (ERTMS) during the early implementation of this signaling system in 2011 and 2012. Unfortunately, they have reported many implementation problems. These ERTMS lines have been evaluated as more challenging to drive compared to the previous signaling system. A systematic literature review was conducted to understand what network planning designers typically focus on when analyzing railway driveability and how driveability can be assessed. In the overall picture the impact on driveability originates from both technological, organizational, and train driver aspects. One technological issue found during the investigation is related to the speed profile design. Frequent speed changes were identified as the primary source of negative experiences during driveability evaluations, especially on retrofitted lines. Results also indicate the need for a methodology that includes the driver earlier in the network planning test process, to avoid the costly and time-consuming analysis done after project implementation. The results highlight the importance of the speed profile design to provide good driveability. Cognitive Task Analysis, simulations, and statistical calculations to predict driver and train performance were identified as applicable methods to involve train drivers earlier in the driveability analysis process.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Driveability, Driving style, Network planning, ERTMS, ETCS
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294478 (URN)10.1016/j.jrtpm.2021.100240 (DOI)000658933800002 ()2-s2.0-85101272175 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20210603

Available from: 2021-05-18 Created: 2021-05-18 Last updated: 2022-11-02Bibliographically approved
4. Impact on driver behavior from ERTMS speed-filtering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact on driver behavior from ERTMS speed-filtering
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
ERTMS; ETCS; speed-filter; driving-behavior; capacity; workload
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Transport Science, Transport Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320879 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

Paper in the review process. Will not be uploaded. QC 20221102

Available from: 2022-11-02 Created: 2022-11-02 Last updated: 2022-11-02Bibliographically approved

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