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Magnetic bead-based isolation of biological therapeutic modalities
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9659-0399
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Biopharmaceutical modalities, such as monoclonal antibodies or the less established cell therapies, are nowadays very important for the treatment of severe or incurable diseases. The manufacturing of such modalities is complex and costly, including the downstream processing, which is highly essential to ensure the safety and quality of the product.

Currently, monoclonal antibody downstream processes are heavily based on column chromatography, such as Protein A affinity capture, and highly depended on clarified liquid. This leads to a step intensive process, which is not only costly but also generates significant reduction of yield for every additional step. The cell clarification, in particular, for high cell density cultures can be insufficient and result in clogging of the following step due to remaining particles in the liquid. Alternatively, the clarification can lead to a higher contamination of product variants and process related impurities, such as antibody aggregations and Host Cell Proteins (HCPs). On the other hand, for large scale commercialization of allogenic cell therapy approaches based on human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cell lines, efficient and reliable methods to ensure safety and quality of the cell product are needed. The presence of undifferentiated cells in a cell product derived from hiPSCs represent a risk of tumour and teratoma formation in the patient. The removal of undifferentiated cells in the cell therapy product is critical, and reliable and scalable methods are needed to support off-the-shelf production.

The work in this thesis aimed to develop an alternative downstream operational step based on magnetic beads linked with Protein A or Protein G and a magnetic separator system suitable for the purification of monoclonal antibodies or cell therapy products. Efforts were made to develop an efficient monoclonal antibody capture step, based on magnetic bead separation, directly applied on the harvest of monoclonal antibodies producing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cultures at different cell densities up to very high cell density (> 100 x 106 cells/mL) and scales ranging from small-scale to pilot-scale (up to 16 L). The system proved to be highly gentle towards the cell, minimizing aggregation and the release of HCPs (< 10 ppm) already complying with the regulatory constraint after only one downstream operational step. Furthermore, the magnetic bead-based separation was applied for the negative isolation of cell subpopulations based on unique surface marker expression. Here a flexible isolation system was developed based on Protein A or based on Protein G magnetic beads providing high variability towards the surface receptor recognizing antibody. The magnetic beads were substantially larger compared to a cell resulting in a binding process where a bead is being covered by several cells. The system was evaluated towards different surface receptors, i.e. HER2, TRA2-49 and SSEA-4. The magnetic beads showed to be non-toxic towards the delicate human mesenchymal stem cells and iPSCs. The system also provided excellent negative selection of HER2+ SKBR3 cells, taken as model, and TRA2- 49+/SSEA-4+ iPSCs from different heterogenous model cell populations.

In conclusion, the present downstream strategies based on magnetic bead separation for the capture of monoclonal antibodies or for the negative selection of cell subpopulations showed great alternatives to resolve the challenges provided by intensified cultures in mAb manufacturing, and could provide a viable solution for cell therapy.

Abstract [sv]

Bioläkemel, såsom etablerade monoklonala antikroppar eller ännu ej etablerade cellterapier, är mycket användbara för behandling av svåra eller obotliga sjukdomar. Tillverkningsprocessen av dessa är komplex och kostsam, särskilt reningsstegen. Icke desto mindre är detta arbete nedströms mycket viktig för att garantera produktens säkerhet och kvalitet. För närvarande är rening av monoklonala antikroppar (mAbs) starkt baserad på kolonnkromatografi, speciellt Protein A-affinitet, och är i hög grad beroende av klarifierad vätska. Detta leder till ett intensivt processsteg, som inte bara är kostsamt utan kan även leda till betydande reducering av utbytet i senare steg.

Klarifiering, särskilt på vätska med hög celltäthet, kan vara otillräcklig och leda till igensättning i följande steg på grund av kvarvarande partiklar i vätskan samt leda till högre kontaminering av produkt- och processrelaterade föroreningar, såsom värdcellsproteiner (HCP) och aggregering. Samtidigt behövs för storskalig kommersialisering av allogena cellterapimetoder, baserade på cellinjer av humaninducerade pluripotenta stamceller (hiPSC), effektiva och pålitliga metoder för att garantera säkerhet och kvalitet av cellprodukten. Odifferentierade celler i en cellprodukt, med hiPSCs som ursprung, ökar risken för tumör- och teratombildning hos patienten. Avlägsnandet av dessa odifferentierade celler i produkten är avgörande och tillförlitliga, skalbara metoder behövs för att cellterapiprodukter ska kunna massproduceras.

Arbetet i denna avhandling syftade till att utveckla ett alternativt reningssteg baserat på magnetiska pärlor kopplade med Protein A/G som ett magnetiskt separeringssystem lämpligt för rening av monoklonala antikroppar och produkter för cellterapi. Arbetet lades vid att utveckla ett effektivt infångningssteg baserat på separation med magnetiska pärlor, i syfte att implementeras direkt efter skörd av monoklonala antikroppar producerade av Chinese Hamster Ovary-celler (CHO) vid olika celltäthet, upp till mycket hög celltäthet (> 100 x 106 celler) /ml), samt i skalor som sträcker sig från liten till pilotskala (upp till 16 L). Systemet visade sig vara mycket skonsamt mot cellerna, samtidigt som det minimerade aggregering och frisläppning av HCP (< 10 ppm) så att gällande regelverk följs efter endast ett processteg nedströms. | vii Vidare applicerades separation med magnetiska pärlor på negativ isolering av cellsubpopulationer baserat på unika ytmarkörer. Här utvecklades ett flexibelt isoleringssystem baserat på magnetiska pärlor med Protein A och Protein G som ger hög variabilitet mot den ytreceptor som känner igen antikroppen. De magnetiska pärlorna var avsevärt större jämfört med en cell, vilket resulterade i en bindningsprocess där en pärla täcks av flera celler. Systemet utvärderades mot olika ytreceptorer, t.ex HER2, TRA2-49 och SSEA-4. De magnetiska pärlorna visade sig vara icke-toxiska mot de annars känsliga hMSCs och iPSCs. Systemet gav också utmärkt negativ selektion av HER2+ SKBR3-celler och TRA2-49+/SSEA-4+ iPSCs, tagna från olika heterogena modellpopulationer.

Sammanfattningsvis visar de presenterade strategierna för rening, baserade på separation med magnetiska pärlor, ett utmärkt alternativ för att lösa utmaningarna att rena mAbs från intensifierade cellodlingar, samt för att ge en praktisk lösning för allogen cellterapi.

Abstract [de]

Monoklonale Antikörper (mAb) und Zelltherapien spielen eine ausgesprochen große Rolle für die Behandlung schwerer und unheilbarer Krankheiten. Jedoch ist die Herstellung dieser biopharmazeutischer Modalitäten aufwendig und kostenintensiv, vor allem in Bezug auf die Aufreinigung, welche eine wichtige Rolle für die Sicherheit und Qualität des Produktes spielt. Der Fokus des Aufreinigungsprozesses für monoklonale Antikörper basiert auf der Säulenchromatographie, im speziellen auf Protein-AAffinitätschromatographie für welchen eine aufgereinigte Fermantaionsflüssigkeit benötig wird. Dies erhört die Prozesskosten deutlich und führt zu einer erheblichen Reduktion der Produktausbeute.

Einerseits kann die klassische Zentrifugation und Filtration der Fermentationsflüssigkeit meist unzureichend sein und zur Verstopfung durch die verbleibenden Partikeln führen. Andererseits kann die Zentrifugation und Filtration zu einer höheren Kontamination mit produkt- und prozessbedingten Verunreinigungen, wie zum Beispiel Proteine von der Produktionszelle (HCP) und Aggregationen führen. Für upscale Produktionen von allogenen Zelltherapieansätzen, welche auf Zelllinien menschlicher induzierter pluripotenter Stammzellen (hiPSC) basieren, werden effiziente und zuverlässige Methoden benötigt, um die Qualität des Zellprodukts zu gewährleisten. Undifferenzierte Zellen, die auf hiPSCs basieren, erhöhen das Risiko der Teratom-Bildung im Patienten. Die Eliminierung undifferenzierter Zellen in Zelltherapie ist entscheidend um die Sicherheit und Qualität der Therapie zu gewährleisten. Besonders in der upscale Produktionen werden zuverlässige und skalierbare Methoden zur Eliminierung dieser undifferenzierten Zellen benötigt.

Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung eines alternativen Downstreamschrittes, der für die Aufreinigung von monoklonalen Antikörpern und Zelltherapieprodukten geeignet ist. Der Fokus liegt auf magnetischen Partikeln und einem magnetischen Separatorsystem. Die Aufreinigung von monoklonalen Antikörpern basiert auf magnetischen Partikeln, die mit Protein A Liganden verbunden sind um diese monoklonalen | ix Antikörper zu binden. Diese magnetischen Partikel werden direkt nach der Beendigung der Kultivierung von unterschiedlichen Zelldichten bis hin zu sehr hoher Zelldichte (> 100 x 106 Zellen/mL) und Skalen vom kleinen Maßstab bis zum Pilotmaßstab (bis zu 16 L) der Eierstockzellen des chinesischen Hamsters (CHO) eingesetzt. Das System erwies sich als sehr schonend und minimierte die Aggregation sowie die Freisetzung von HCPs (< 10 ppm). Darüber hinaus wurde die magnetische Trennung für die negative Isolierung von Zellsubpopulationen basierend auf einzigartigen Oberflächenproteinen angewendet. Hierzu wurde ein flexibles Isolationssystem basierend auf Protein A - und Protein G - magnetischen Partikeln entwickelt, welches eine hohe Variabilität gegenüber dem Oberflächenrezeptor-erkennenden Antikörper bietet. Das System wurde auf verschiedene Oberflächenrezeptoren, d. h. HER2, TRA2-49 und SSEA-4, untersucht und die magnetischen Partikel erwiesen sich als nicht toxisch gegenüber den empfindlichen humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (hMSCs) und iPSCs. Darüber hinaus lieferte das Isolationsystem eine effektive negative Selektion gegenüber HER2+ SKBR3-Zellen und TRA2-49+/SSEA-4+ iPSCs aus verschiedenen heterogenen Modellzellpopulationen.

Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die vorgestellten Downstream Strategien auf der Grundlage der magnetischen Partikeltrennung für die Isolierung monoklonaler Antikörper und die negative Selektion von Zellsubpopulationen eine vielversprechende Alternative darstellen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 129
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022: 61
Keywords [en]
Magnetic bead separation, Magnetic beads, Protein A, Protein G, Negative cell isolation, Monoclonal antibody, induced pluripotent stem cells, human mesenchymal stem cells, Allogenic cell therapy, Biomanufacturing, cell clarification
National Category
Other Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321336ISBN: 978-91-8040-423-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-321336DiVA, id: diva2:1710265
Public defence
2022-12-09, M1, Brinellvägen 64 A, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2022-11-14

Available from: 2022-11-14 Created: 2022-11-11 Last updated: 2022-12-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Pilot-scale process for magnetic bead purification of antibodies directly from non-clarified CHO cell culture
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pilot-scale process for magnetic bead purification of antibodies directly from non-clarified CHO cell culture
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2019 (English)In: Biotechnology progress (Print), ISSN 8756-7938, E-ISSN 1520-6033Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

High capacity magnetic protein A agarose beads, LOABeads PrtA, were used in the development

of a new process for affinity purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from non-clarified

CHO cell broth using a pilot-scale magnetic separator. The LOABeads had a maximum binding

capacity of 65 mg/mL and an adsorption capacity of 25–42 mg IgG/mL bead in suspension for an

IgG concentration of 1 to 8 g/L. Pilot-scale separation was initially tested in a mAb capture step

from 26 L clarified harvest. Small-scale experiments showed that similar mAb adsorptions were

obtained in cell broth containing 40 Å~ 106 cells/mL as in clarified supernatant. Two pilot-scale

purification runs were then performed on non-clarified cell broth from fed-batch runs of 16 L,

where a rapid mAb adsorption ≥96.6% was observed after 1 h. This process using 1 L of magnetic beads had an overall mAb yield of 86% and 16 times concentration factor. After this single protein

A capture step, the mAb purity was similar to the one obtained by column chromatography, while

the host cell protein content was very low, <10 ppm. Our results showed that this magnetic bead

mAb purification process, using a dedicated pilot-scale separation device, was a highly efficient

single step, which directly connected the culture to the downstream process without cell clarification.

Purification of mAb directly from non-clarified cell broth without cell separation can provide

significant savings in terms of resources, operation time, and equipment, compared to legacy procedure of cell separation followed by column chromatography step.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AIChE, 2019
Keywords
magnetic beads, purification, monoclonal antibody, pilot-scale, downstream-bioprocess
National Category
Bioprocess Technology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-248987 (URN)10.1002/btpr.2775 (DOI)000471314600026 ()30629859 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85061063787 (Scopus ID)
Projects
AdBIOPRO
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-04152Vinnova, 2016-05181
Note

QC 20190429

Available from: 2019-04-11 Created: 2019-04-11 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
2. Antibody capture process based on magnetic beads from very high cell density suspension
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Antibody capture process based on magnetic beads from very high cell density suspension
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2021 (English)In: Biotechnology and Bioengineering, ISSN 0006-3592, E-ISSN 1097-0290, Vol. 118, no 9, p. 3499-3510Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cell clarification represents a major challenge for the intensification through very high cell density in the production of biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The present report proposes a solution to this challenge in a streamlined process where cell clarification and mAb capture are performed in a single step using magnetic beads coupled with protein A. Capture of mAb from non-clarified CHO cell suspension showed promising results; however, it has not been demonstrated that it can handle the challenge of very high cell density as observed in intensified fed-batch cultures. The performances of magnetic bead-based mAb capture on non-clarified cell suspension from intensified fed-batch culture were studied. Capture from a culture at density larger than 100 × 106 cells/ml provided an adsorption efficiency of 99% and an overall yield of 93% with a logarithmic host cell protein (HCP) clearance of ≈2–3 and a resulting HCP concentration ≤≈5 ppm. These results show that direct capture from very high cell density cell suspension is possible without prior processing. This technology, which brings significant benefits in terms of operational cost reduction and performance improvements such as low HCP, can be a powerful tool alleviating the challenge of process intensification. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021
Keywords
high cell density, mAb capture, magnetic beads, magnetic separation, process integration, Cells, Clarification, Clarifiers, Cost reduction, Magnetism, Monoclonal antibodies, Suspensions (components), Adsorption efficiency, Antibody capture, Biopharmaceuticals, Fed-batch cultures, Host cell protein, Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), Process intensification, Batch cell culture, cell protein, monoclonal antibody, adsorption, animal cell, antibody isolation, Article, cell density, cell suspension, fed batch culture, host cell, nonhuman
National Category
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bioprocess Technology Medical Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308865 (URN)10.1002/bit.27776 (DOI)000646774400001 ()33811659 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85104299248 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20221102

Available from: 2022-02-15 Created: 2022-02-15 Last updated: 2022-11-11Bibliographically approved
3. Proof-of-Concept of a Novel Cell Separation Technology Using Magnetic Agarose-Based Beads
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Proof-of-Concept of a Novel Cell Separation Technology Using Magnetic Agarose-Based Beads
Show others...
2022 (English)In: MAGNETOCHEMISTRY, ISSN 2312-7481, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 34-, article id 34Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The safety of the cells used for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products is crucial for patients. Reliable methods for the cell purification are very important for the commercialization of those new therapies. With the large production scale envisioned for commercialization, the cell isolation methods need to be efficient, robust, operationally simple and generic while ensuring cell biological functionality and safety. In this study, we used high magnetized magnetic agarose-based beads conjugated with protein A to develop a new method for cell separation. A high separation efficiency of 91% yield and consistent isolation performances were demonstrated using population mixtures of human mesenchymal stem cells and HER2(+) SKBR3 cells (80:20, 70:30 and 30:70). Additionally, high robustness against mechanical stress and minimal unspecific binding obtained with the protein A base conjugated magnetic beads were significant advantages in comparison with the same magnetic microparticles where the antibodies were covalently conjugated. This study provided insights on features of large high magnetized microparticles, which is promising for the large-scale application of cell purification.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2022
Keywords
cell separation, magnetic bead separation, cell sorting, HER2(+), SKBR3 cells, hMSCs
National Category
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-310979 (URN)10.3390/magnetochemistry8030034 (DOI)000774932000001 ()2-s2.0-85126707911 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20221102

Available from: 2022-04-21 Created: 2022-04-21 Last updated: 2022-11-11Bibliographically approved
4. Negative selection of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Negative selection of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321250 (URN)
Note

QC 20221114

Available from: 2022-11-10 Created: 2022-11-10 Last updated: 2022-11-14Bibliographically approved

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Brechmann, Nils A.

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