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The effects of high alkali impregnation and oxygen delignification of softwood kraft pulps on the yield and mechanical properties
388792 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioeconomy and Health, Pulp, Paper and Packaging , Drottning Kristinas väg 61 , Stockholm , Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0816-0047
388792 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioeconomy and Health, Pulp, Paper and Packaging , Drottning Kristinas väg 61 , Stockholm , Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8992-3623
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8699-7910
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Centres, Wallenberg Wood Science Center. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7433-0350
2022 (English)In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, ISSN 0283-2631, E-ISSN 2000-0669, Vol. 37, no 2, p. 223-231Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study investigated whether the yield improvement after high alkali impregnation (HAI) is maintained after oxygen delignification and whether the potential of oxygen delignification to increase the mechanical properties is affected by high alkali impregnation. The yield improvement achieved by high alkali impregnation (1 %) was preserved after oxygen delignification, particularly of glucomannan. The total fiber charge and swelling increased after oxygen delignification regardless of the type of impregnation in the cooking step. The tensile index improvement obtained by oxygen delignification was retained if this was preceded by high alkali impregnation. The stiffness index was higher and elongation slightly lower after HAI impregnation than after a standard (REF) impregnation. Fibers obtained through high alkali impregnation seem to be slightly less deformed and slightly wider than fibers obtained after a standard impregnation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter GmbH , 2022. Vol. 37, no 2, p. 223-231
Keywords [en]
curl index; fiber charge; glucomannans; kraft cooking; tensile index
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Chemical Engineering; Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321343DOI: 10.1515/npprj-2022-0022ISI: 000789624500001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85129892544OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-321343DiVA, id: diva2:1710372
Note

QC 20221114

Available from: 2022-11-12 Created: 2022-11-12 Last updated: 2022-11-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Pulp strength enhancement by oxygen delignification
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pulp strength enhancement by oxygen delignification
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Oxygen delignification is widely used in the pulp and paper industry as a part of delignification process between the kraft cook and bleaching. However, its potential has not been fully utilized. Rather than an intermediate process between cooking and bleaching, oxygen delignification is a strong oxidizing agent with powerful effects on the pulp properties. In this work, the hypothesis that oxygen delignification has the potential to improve the pulp mechanical properties was investigated. 

Several pulps were produced by either kraft cooking or kraft cooking combined with a subsequent oxygen delignification stage to a similar kappa number and their properties were analyzed and compared. This methodology assessed the real oxidative potential of oxygen on the final fiber properties. Total fiber charge, pulp mechanical properties, fiber morphology, swellability and fiber nanostructure, were studied.

The major part of this research investigated the relationship between the carboxylic acid groups, seen as total fiber charge, and the mechanical strength of the paper. The total fiber charge was evaluated by conductometric titration and correlated with the pulp swellability and mechanical properties. It was demonstrated that oxygen delignification could significantly increase the charge content and the swelling of the pulp when an extended oxygen delignification (i.e, higher delignification degree) was used. In addition, the tensile index of the sheets increased when the fiber charge after oxygen delignification was sufficiently high. 

The swelling of the different pulps was investigated by Schopper-Riegler degree (SR°), water retention value (WRV) and fiber saturation point (FSP). It was determined that the higher the fiber charge, the higher the swelling ability, regardless of the lignin content. 

High alkali impregnation was utilized in this study due to its potential to increase cooking yield. The yield was compared to kraft pulp cooked with standard and high alkali impregnation, followed by oxygen delignification and bleaching. It was observed that the increase in yield was preserved in both unit processes, i.e., after oxygen delignification and after bleaching. 

During this work, pulp properties such as fiber morphology and fiber nanostructure were also important properties that were studied following each unit process and refining step. Oxygen-delignified pulps presented higher fiber deformation when compared to the kraft-cooked pulps. However, even with higher fiber deformation, oxygen-delignified pulps showed higher mechanical strength, contradicting previous reports that claimed lower pulp strength for oxygen-delignified pulps, due to fiber deformation. Additionally, it was found that fiber deformation tends to increase with PFI-refining for kraft-cooked pulps, while for oxygen and bleached pulps it tends to decrease. Fiber nanostructure was additionally studied by X-ray scattering, and the results obtained from pulp delignification by kraft and kraft followed by oxygen delignification were compared. 

This thesis highlights the benefits of increasing fiber charge by performing an extended oxygen delignification after a reduced kraft cooking. The results indicate that when oxygen-delignified pulps achieve 80 % higher fiber charge than kraft-cooked pulps at a similar kappa number, the pulp tensile index can be improved by up to 18 %. The oxidation reactions that occur during the oxygen delignification lead to a significant increase in the carboxylic acid groups in the fibers which increases the fiber's swelling ability and improves the refining process efficiency. The combination of those effects results in a higher tensile index and lower refining energy required. However, to obtain mechanical improvement, the oxygen delignification must be sufficiently long (extended). Therefore, it is believed that an extended oxygen delignification will yield a more uniform distribution of the charged groups in the fibers, which will increase the fiber swelling and fiber flexibility leading to a more efficient refining process and stronger fiber bonding structure in the paper.

Abstract [sv]

Syrgasdelignifiering används i stor utsträckning inom massa- och pappersindustrin som en del av delignifieringsprocessen mellan sulfatkokningen och blekningen. Dess potential har dock inte utnyttjats fullt ut. Snarare än att bara se det som en enhetsprocess mellan kokning och blekning, så bör man utnyttja syrgasens starkt oxiderande förmåga som kraftfullt kan påverka massans egenskaper. I detta arbete undersöktes hypotesen att syrgasdelignifiering har potential att förbättra massans mekaniska egenskaper.

Olika massor framställdes till ett liknande kappatalsintervall genom antingen sulfatkokning eller sulfatkokning kombinerat med ett efterföljande syrgassteg och deras egenskaper analyserades och jämfördes. Denna metod bedömde den verkliga oxidativa potentialen hos syre på de slutliga fiberegenskaperna. Speciellt studerades total fiberladdning, fiberns svällbarhet, massans mekaniska egenskaper, fibermorfologi och fibernanostruktur.

En avgörande komponent i forskningen är sambandet mellan karboxylsyragrupperna, sedda som total fiberladdning, och papperets mekaniska styrka. Den totala fiberladdningen utvärderades genom konduktometrisk titrering och korrelerades med massans svällningsförmåga och mekaniska egenskaper. Det visades sig att syrgasdelignifiering avsevärt kunde öka laddningshalten och massans svällning när en utökad syrgasdelignifiering (dvs. högre delignifieringsgrad) användes. Dessutom ökade arks dragindex när fiberladdningen efter syrgasdelignifiering var tillräckligt hög.

De olika massornas svällningsförmåga undersöktes genom mätningar av Schopper-Riegler-grad (SR°), vattenretentionsvärde (WRV) och fibermättnadspunkt (FSP). Från dessa kunde slutsatsen dras att ju högre fiberladdningshalt desto högre svällningsförmåga oavsett ligninhalt.

Högalkaliimpregnering användes i denna studie för dess potential att öka utbytet. Utbytet jämfördes för sulfatmassa kokad med standard- och högalkaliimpregnering, följt av syrgasdelignifiering och blekning. Det observerades att ökningen i utbyte som erhållits efter sulfaktkoket för högalkaliimpregnering bibehölls efter syrgasdelignifiering och efter blekning.

Inverkan på fibermorfologi och fibernanostruktur av olika enhetsprocesser och förädling studerades. Signifikanta skillnader i fibermorfologi observerades för massa från olika enhetsprocesser. Syrgasdelignifiering gav högre fiberdeformationer jämfört med sulfatkokta massor, men även med högre deformation kan syrgasdelignifierade massor uppnå högre mekanisk hållfasthet vilket motsäger tidigare studier som hävdade lägre massastyrka för syrgasdelignifierade massor på grund av de höga fiberdeformationerna. Man fann också att fiberdeformationer tenderar att öka med PFI-malning för sulfatmassor, medan den för syrgasdelignifierade och blekta massor tenderar att minska. Dessutom studerades fibernanostrukturen genom röntgenspridning och resultaten från delignifiering med sulfatkokning och sulfatkokning följt av syrgasdelignifiering jämfördes.

Denna avhandling belyser fördelarna med att utföra en utökad syrgasdelignifiering efter en reducerad sulfatkokning, vilket resulterar i ökad mängd fiberladdningar. Resultaten indikerar att när syrgasdelignifierade massor uppnår 80 % högre fiberladdningar än sulfatmassa vid ett liknande kappatal kan massornas dragindex förbättras med upp till 18 %. Oxidationsreaktionerna som inträffar under syrgasdelignifieringen leder till en signifikant ökning av karboxylgrupperna i fibrerna, vilket ökar fiberns svällningsförmåga och förbättrar malningseffektiviteten. Kombinationen av dessa effekter resulterar i högre dragindex och minskade krav på malningsenergi. Men för att erhålla en förbättring av de mekaniska egenskaperna måste syrgasdelignifieringen vara tillräckligt omfattande. Möjligen kommer en förlängd syrgasdelignifiering att ha en mer enhetlig och jämn fördelning av de laddade grupperna i fibrerna än en kortare delignifiering. Med förlängd syrgasdelignifiering, ökar fibersvällningen och fiberflexibiliteten vilket leder till en effektivare malning och en starkare fiberbindningsstruktur i pappret.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 69
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2022: 53
Keywords
fiber charge, morphology, oxygen delignification, swellability, tensile properties, dragegenskaper, fiberladdningar, morfologi, svällningsförmåga, syrgasdelignifiering
National Category
Chemical Engineering Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321360 (URN)978-91-8040-388-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-12-16, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63355487940, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

Main funder: STFI Intressentförening

Other funders:

Södra Forskningsstiftelse

Önnesjöstiftelsen

Stiftelsen Nils och Dorthi Troëdssons forskningsfond

QC 2022-11-14

Available from: 2022-11-14 Created: 2022-11-14 Last updated: 2022-11-15Bibliographically approved

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Esteves, ClaudiaBrännvall, ElisabetÖstlund, SörenSevastyanova, Olena

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