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Geogenic contaminants and groundwater quality around Lake Victoria goldfields in northwestern Tanzania
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. Univ Dar Es Salaam, Coll Engn & Technol, Dept Water Resources Engn, DAFWAT Res Grp, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.;Univ Dar Es Salaam, Mkwawa Univ, Dept Chem, Coll Educ, Dar Es Salaam 2513, Iringa, Tanzania.. (KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2883-2445
Univ Florence, Dept Agr Food Environm & Forestry Sci & Technol, I-1850144 Florence, Italy..
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. Univ Dar Es Salaam, Coll Engn & Technol, Dept Water Resources Engn, DAFWAT Res Grp, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.. (KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7435-1677
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. Univ Dar Es Salaam, Coll Engn & Technol, Dept Water Resources Engn, DAFWAT Res Grp, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.. (KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0501-9515
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2022 (English)In: Chemosphere, ISSN 0045-6535, E-ISSN 1879-1298, Vol. 307, p. 135732-, article id 135732Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Geogenic contamination of groundwater is frequently associated with gold mining activities and related to drinking water quality problems worldwide. In Tanzania, elevated levels of trace elements (TEs) have been reported in drinking water sources within the Lake Victoria Basin, posing a serious health risk to communities. The present study aims to assess the groundwater quality with a focus on the concentration levels of geogenic contaminants in groundwater around the Lake Victoria goldfields in Geita and Mara districts. The water samples were collected from community drinking water sources and were analysed for physiochemical parameters (pH, EC, Eh), major ions, and trace elements. The analysed major ions included Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, HCO3- and Cl- whereas the trace elements were As, Al, Li, Ba, B, Ti, V, U, Zr, Sr, Si, Mn Mo, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and V. The present study revealed that the concentration levels of the major ions were mostly within the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards in the following order of their relative abundance; for cations, Ca2+-Na+ >Mg2+ >K+ and for anions was HCO3- > SO42- > NO3-, Cl- > PO43-. Statistical and geochemical modelling software such as 31 Studio', IBM SPSS, geochemical workbench, visual MINTEQ were used to understand the groundwater chemistry and evaluate its suitability for drinking purpose. The concentration of As in groundwater sources varies between below detection limit (bdl) and 300 mu g/L, with highest levels in streams followed by shallow wells and boreholes. In approximately 48% of the analysed samples, As concentration exceeded the WHO drinking water guideline and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) guideline for drinking water value of 10 mu g/L. The concentration of the analyzed TEs and mean values of physicochemical parameters were below the guideline limits based on WHO and TBS standards. The Canadian Council of Ministries of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) shows that the overall water quality is acceptable with minimum threats of deviation from natural conditions. We recommend further geochemical exploration and the periodic risk assessment of groundwater in mining areas where high levels of As were recorded.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2022. Vol. 307, p. 135732-, article id 135732
Keywords [en]
Arsenic, Geogenic contamination, Drinking water quality, Visual MINTEQ, Lake victoria goldfields
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321634DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135732ISI: 000878099500004PubMedID: 35872057Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85135883920OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-321634DiVA, id: diva2:1711863
Note

QC 20221118

Available from: 2022-11-18 Created: 2022-11-18 Last updated: 2023-11-27Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Hydrogeochemistry of arsenic, fluoride, and other trace elements in groundwater in northern Tanzania: Occurrence, distribution, and impacts on drinking water quality
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hydrogeochemistry of arsenic, fluoride, and other trace elements in groundwater in northern Tanzania: Occurrence, distribution, and impacts on drinking water quality
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The occurrence of arsenic (As), fluoride (F-), and other trace elements (TEs) with potential toxicity in groundwater is a global environmental concern. According to the National water resource mapping database, about 76 % of the drinking water supply in Tanzania is abstracted from groundwater sources. In northern Tanzania groundwater accounts for more than 80 % of the drinking water supply. Albeit the importance of groundwater in northern Tanzania, its quality concerning geogenic contaminants is not optimally understood. The present study focused on estimating the groundwater quality using analytical, geochemical modeling, statistical, and GIS techniques which were carried out to better understand the chemical quality of groundwater in the framework of safe drinking water supply in Tanzania. Fluoride was established as the principal geogenic groundwater contaminant in northern Tanzania, particularly in the Pangani and internal drainage basins, parts of the East Africa Rift Valley (EARV) system. About 8 % and 57.6 % of the water samples collected from Geita and Sanya alluvial plain have indicated F- concentration above the WHO guidelines value (1.5 mg/L) for drinking water. The high F- concentration in groundwater originates from F- rich minerals and ash deposits from the granitic and alkaline volcanic parent rocks. The consumption of elevated concentrations of F- in groundwater has been responsible for dental, skeletal, and crippling fluorosis. In the Lake Victoria basin (LVB) goldfields, As was reported to be the main geogenic contaminant of health concern. The concentration of As in 50 % and 82 % of the groundwater samples from Tarime and Geita respectively exceeded the WHO guidelines (10 µg/L). The high concentration of As in groundwater from the LVB was highly associated with natural geochemical processes as well as gold mining activities. Results from geochemical modeling revealed that As mobilization was influenced by oxidative and/or reductive dissolution of As-containing sulfide and iron minerals, respectively from the parent rocks. The concentrations of other TEs (aluminum, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc) were observed below the WHO drinking water guideline. The spatial variability of As and F- concentration from drinking groundwater sources was associated with the different groundwater levels, screened depths, and contact time of groundwater interaction with the As and F-- containing rock minerals in the aquifers. Furthermore, irrigation water sourced from the F- contaminated boreholes poses risks of contaminating the shallow aquifers that are easily accessible for human and domestic animals’ consumption. The current WHO recommended guidelines of 10 µg As/L and 1.5 mg F-/L intake for humans are open to further epidemiological scrutiny, especially considering chronic/long-term exposure in the region. The present study highlights the need for large-scale hydrogeochemical and human health risk investigations concerning geogenic contaminants in the region. The findings contribute to the local, regional, and global initiatives toward sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 for universal access to safe water and sanitation for all.

Abstract [sv]

Förekomsten av arsenik (As), fluorid (F-) och andra spårämnen (TE) med potentiell toxicitet i grundvattnet är ett globalt miljöproblem. Enligt den nationella kartläggningsdatabasen för vattenresurser kommer omkring 76 % av dricksvattenförsörjningen i Tanzania från grundvattenkällor. I norra Tanzania står grundvattnet för mer än 80 % av dricksvattenförsörjningen. Även om grundvattnets stora betydelse i norra Tanzania, grundvattenkvalitet med avseende på geogena föroreningar är inte optimalt förstått. Denna studie fokuserade på att uppskatta grundvattenkvaliteten med hjälp av analytiska, geokemiska modellerings-, statistiska och GIS-teknik som utfördes för att belysa grundvattnets kemiska kvalitet för att säkerställa dricksvattenförsörjning i Tanzania. Fluor etablerades som den främsta geogena grundvattenföroreningen i norra Tanzania, särskilt i avrinningsområden Pangani och Internal Drainage Basin, delar av Östafrikanska gravsänkesystemet (East Africa Rift Valley-system, EARV). Cirka 8 % och 57.6 % av vattenproverna från Geita och Sanya alluvial slätt har visat F- koncentration över WHO:s riktlinjer (1.5 mg/L) för dricksvatten. Den höga F- koncentrationen i grundvattnet härrör från F-rika mineraler och askavlagringar från de granitiska och alkaliska vulkaniska moderbergarterna. Konsumtionen av förhöjda koncentrationer av F- i grundvatten har orsakat omfattande tand-, skelett- och förlamande fluoros bland lokala befolkning. I guldfälten i Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) rapporterades As som den främsta forekommande geogena föroreningen med konsekvent hälsoproblem bland befolkning i området. Arsenik koncentrationen i 50 % och 82 % av grundvattenproverna från Tarime respektiv Geita översteg WHO:s riktlinjer (10 µg/L). Den höga koncentrationen av As i grundvattnet från LVB var starkt förknippad med naturliga geokemiska processer såväl som guldbrytningsaktiviteter. Resultat från geokemisk modellering visade att As-mobilisering påverkades av oxidativ och/eller reduktiv upplösning av As-innehållande sulfidmineraler respektive As-innehållande järnmineraler från moderbergarterna. Koncentration av andra spårämnen så som aluminium, krom, kobolt, koppar, järn, mangan, nickel och zink var under WHO:s riktlinjer för dricksvatten. Den rumsliga variationen av As och F- koncentrationen från dricksvattentäkter var relaterade till de olika grundvattennivåerna, djupet till brunnskärm och kontakttid för grundvattnets interaktion med de As och F-innehållande mineralerna i berg under grundvattenflödet. Dessutom bevattningsvatten från de F- förorenade grundvatten som används från borrade brunnar utgör risker för att förorena de grunda akvifererna som är lättillgängliga för konsumtion av människor och husdjur. De nuvarande WHO rekommenderade riktlinjerna för 10 µg As/L och 1.5 mg F-/L intag för människor är öppna för ytterligare epidemiologisk granskning, särskilt med tanke på kronisk/långvarig exponering i regionen. Den föreliggande studien belyser behovet av storskaliga utredningar för hydrogeokemiska och mänskliga hälsorisker när det gäller geogena föroreningar i regionen. Resultaten bidrar till de lokala, regionala och globala initiativen mot hållbart utnyttjande av grundvattenresurser i enlighet med Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 för universell tillgång till rent vatten och sanitet för alla.

Abstract [sw]

Utokeaji wa aseniki (As), floride (F- ), na elementi nyingine (TEs) zenye sumukwenye maji yaliyopo ardhini ni suala mtambuka la kimazingira duniani. Kwamujibu wa kanzidata ya taifa ya upatikanaji wa rasilimali maji, takribani 76% yamaji ya kunywa yanayosambazwa nchini Tanzania hupatikana kwenye vyanzovya maji yaliyopo ardhini. Katika upande wa kaskazini mwa Tanzania majiyaliyopo ardhini hutumika kwa zaidi ya 80% kwa ajili ya kunywa. Licha yaumuhimu wa maji hayo kaskazini mwa Tanzania, ubora wake kuhusiana nauchafu wa kijiojeniki bado haujafahamika vizuri. Utafiti huu ulijikita kukadiriaubora wa maji yaliyopo ardhini kwa kutumia uchambuzi, modeli ya jiokemikali,kitakwimu, na Mifumo ya Taarifa za Kijiografia (GIS) ili kuelewa zaidi ubora wakikemikali wa maji yaliyopo ardhini katika kiunzi cha usambazaji wa maji yakunywa nchini Tanzania. Floridi iliripotiwa kama kichafuzi kikuu cha kijiojenikicha maji yaliyopo ardhini kaskazini mwa Tanzania hususani katika bonde laPangani, ambayo ni sehemu ya ukanda wa bonde la ufa la Afrika Mashariki.Takribani 8% na 57.6% ya sampuli za maji yaliyokusanywa Geita na kwenyeuwanda wa aluvia ya Sanya yameonesha ukolezi wa F- , zaidi ya kipimo chamwongozo wa shirika la afya duniani, (WHO) ambacho ni 1.5mg/L kwa maji yakunywa. Ukolezi mkubwa wa F- katika maji yaliyopo ardhini huanzia kwenyemadini yenye F- nyingi na tope la umajivu kutoka kwenye miamba mikuu yakivolkano ya graniti na alikali. Matumizi ya maji yaliyopo ardhini yenye kiwangokikubwa cha F- yamechangia udhoofu wa meno na mifupa. Katika migodi yadhahabu kwenye Bonde la Ziwa Victoria (LVB), As iliripotiwa kama kichafuzikikuu cha kijiojeniki cha masuala ya kiafya. Ukolezi wa As kwa 50% na 82%katika sampuli za maji yaliyopo ardhini kutoka Tarime na Geita mtawalia zilizid imwongozo wa WHO (10 μg/L). Kiwango kikubwa cha As kwenye maji yaliyopoardhini kutoka LVB kilihusishwa sana na michakato asilia ya kijiokemikalipamoja na shughuli za uchimbaji wa dhahabu. Matokeo ya modeli ya jiokemikaliyamebainisha kuwa ujitokezaji wa As ulichochewa na uoksidishaji na/auuyeyukaji wa taratibu wa madini ya salfidi na chuma mtawalia yenye As kutokakwenye miamba mikuu. Elementi nyingine (alminiamu, kromiamu, kobalti,shaba, chuma, manganizi, nikeli na zinki zilionekana kuwa chini ya kiwangokilichopendekezwa katika muongozo wa maji ya kunywa uliotolewa na WHO.Ubadilikajibadilikaji wa kimazingira wa ukolezi wa As na F- kutoka kwenyevyanzo vya maji ya kunywa kutoka ardhini ilihusianishwa na ngazi mbalimbali zamaji yaliyopo ardhini, vina na muda wa kuchanganya maji yaliyopo ardhini namiamba ya madini ya As na F- kwenye vyanzo vya maji. Aidha, umwagiliaji wamaji yaliyotoka kwenye visima vilivyochafuliwa na F- huweka uwezekano wakuvichafua vyanzo vya maji vyenye vina vifupi ambavyo hufikiwa kirahisikwenye shughuli za kibinadamu na matumizi ya nyumbani. Mapendekezo ya sasaya mwongozo wa WHO ya 10 μg As/L na 1.5 mg F- /L kwa ajili ya matumizi yabinadamu yanahitaji tafiti za kitabibu zaidi, hasa kwa kuzingatia matumizi yamuda mrefu ya maji ya kunywa. Utafiti huu unadokeza mahitaji makubwa yakuchunguza madhara ya haidrojiokemikali pamoja na afya za binadamu kuhusuuchafu wa kijiojeniki katika eneo husika. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanachangiakwenye jitihada za kitaifa, kikanda na kidunia kuhusu matumizi sahihi yarasilimali maji yaliyopo ardhini kwa kuzingatia Lengo namba 6 la MaendeleoEndelevu (SDG 6) kwa ajili ya upatikanaji wa maji safi na salama kwa watu wote.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 56
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 236
Keywords
Arsenic, Fluoride, Groundwater, Lake Victoria basin, Risk assessment, Sanya alluvial plain, Tanzania., Aseniki, Bonde la Ziwa Victoria, Floridi, Maji yaliyopo ardhini, Tanzania, Tathmini ya hatari, Uwanda wa Aluvia ya Sanya., Arsenik, Fluorid, Grundvatten, Viktoriasjön, Riskbedömning, Sanya alluvial slätt, Tanzania.
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324673 (URN)978-91-8040-492-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-04-05, Sahara, plan 2, Teknikringen 10 B, KTH Campus, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62010864863, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
DAFWAT
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 51170071
Note

QC 20230315

Available from: 2023-03-15 Created: 2023-03-10 Last updated: 2023-03-20Bibliographically approved
2. Treatment of arsenic contaminated drinking water from the sources around the gold mining areas of Geita and Mara, Tanzania: Removal efficiency of locally available materials, bauxite, gypsum and magnesite
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Treatment of arsenic contaminated drinking water from the sources around the gold mining areas of Geita and Mara, Tanzania: Removal efficiency of locally available materials, bauxite, gypsum and magnesite
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In recent years, high arsenic (As) levels of about 300 µg/L have been reported around the gold mining areas of Geita and Mara regions within the Lake Victoria basin (LVB) in Tanzania. During a sampling campaign at Geita and Mara, the groundwater and surface water samples revealed the presence of high As concentrations as well as Fe and sulfide. Several wells are abandoned because of odor due to high content of sulfide, as well as red color, due to high iron content. About 53% of the analyzed As water samples exceeded the WHO guideline for drinking water. The release of As is primarily attributed to the weathering of sulfide minerals like arsenopyrite related to gold mining activities. In some parts of the LVB, an increasing number of cancer cases are being reported, and clinical investigations are now on the national agenda to identify the possible causes. Water treatment using bauxite, gypsum, and magnesite shows promising results, especially bauxite and magnesite, which could lower As concentrations to below 0.1 µg/L. Both bauxite and magnesite worked efficiently on As removal even at higher concentrations above 5 mg/L, while gypsum is preferable for treatment of low As concentrations. Furthermore, magnesite has a unique chemical character of influencing other materials to have high efficiency of As removal; however, it raises the pH of the water up to 10. Addition of 5 g/L magnesite to water containing 5 mg/L As, could lower the As concentration to below 10 µg/L within 30 min. The As removal increased with dosage and contact time up to 98 % in 4 hours, which is in agreement with Visual MINTEQ simulation. The performance of calcined magnesite, and gypsum fitted well with Freundlich adsorption isotherm, which indicates the presence of chemical reaction as controlling factor for As removal, while bauxite fitted Langmuir isotherm indicates monolayer surface coverage. The kinetic reactions were observed to follow pseudo-second-order. The statistic obeys linear regression with R2 ranging between 0.7 and 0.9. The artificial neural network revealed pH as a most influencing parameter for As removal from water. The mini-scale column revealed that a flow rate of 0.5 – 1 mL/min for 30 min gave an adsorption capacity ranging between 0.07 and 0.14 µg/g, which follows Thomas linear model with rate constant of kTH of 29.48 to 211.25 mL/min µg. The release of elements from spent magnesite, gypsum, and bauxite, such as magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) were found to be below WHO standards after water treatment. However, the desorption process of As from spent magnesite and gypsum was a challenge, which means there was formation of strong bond between Mg-O-As and Ca-O-As. This study is based on 5 papers that provide significant insights to the scientific community, policymakers, and the community living around As contaminated areas to learn about the occurrences of As and simple remediation techniques evaluated in this study.

Abstract [sv]

Under de senaste åren har höga halter av arsenik (As) på cirka 300 μg/L rapporterats runt guldgruveområdena i Geita- och Mara-regionerna i Victoriasjöns avrinningsområde (LVB) i Tanzania. Under provtagningskampanjen vid Geita och Mara visade grundvatten- och ytvattenproverna förekomst av höga As-koncentrationer samt Fe och sulfid. Flera brunnar överges på grund av lukt orsakad av högt innehåll av sulfid, liksom röd färg, på grund av hög järnhalt. Cirka 53 % av de analyserade vattenproverna överskred WHO:s riktlinjer för dricksvatten. Frisättningen av As tillskrivs främst vittring av sulfidmineraler som arsenopyrit i samband med guldbrytningen. I vissa delar av LVB rapporteras allt fler cancerfall och kliniska undersökningar står nu på den nationella agendan för att identifiera möjliga orsaker. Vattenrening med bauxit, gips och magnesit visar lovande resultat, särskilt bauxit och magnesit kan sänka As-koncentrationerna till under 0.1 μg/L. Både bauxit och magnesit fungerade effektivt för As-avlägsnande även vid högre koncentrationer över 5 mg/L, medan gips är att föredra för behandling av låga As-koncentrationer. Dessutom hade magnesit en unik kemisk karaktär för att påverka andra material att ha hög effektivitet vid As-borttagning; Det höjer dock vattnets pH upp till 10. Vid tillsats av 5 g/L magnesit i vatten med 5 mg/L As, kan As halten sänkas till under 10 μg/L inom 30 min. As-borttagningen ökade med dosering och kontakttid upp till 98 % efter 4 timmar, vilket är i överensstämmelse med Visual MINTEQ-simulering. Prestandan hos kalcinerad magnesit och gips passade väl med Freundlich-adsorptionsisoterm, som indikerar närvaron av kemisk reaktion som styrande faktor för As-avlägsnande medan bauxit stämde med Langmuir-isoterm, vilket indikerar yttäckning i ett lager. De kinetiska reaktionerna observerades följa pseudo andra ordningen. Statistiken följer linjär regression med R2 som sträcker sig mellan 0.7 och 0.9. Det artificiella neurala nätverket avslöjade pH som en av de mest inflytelserika parametrarna för avlägsnande av As från vatten. En kollonn i liten skala med en flödeshastighet på 0.5 – 1 mL/min under 30 minuter visade en adsoprtionskapacitet mellan 0.07 och 0.14 μg/g som följer Thomas linjära modell med hastighetskonstanten kTH på 29.48 till 211.25 mL/min μg. Frisättning av element från förbrukad magnesit, gips och bauxit såsom magnesium (Mg). aluminium (Al), järn (Fe), kalcium (Ca) visade sig ligga under WHO:s standarder efter vattenrening. Desorptionsprocessen av As från förbrukad magnesit och gips var dock en utmaning, vilket innebär att det bildades en stark bindning mellan Mg-O-As och Ca-O-As. Denna studie är baserad på 5 artiklar som ger betydande insikter till forskare, beslutsfattare och samhället runt As-förorenade platser för att lära sig om förekomsten av As och enkla saneringstekniker som utvärderas i denna studie.

Abstract [sw]

Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, viwango vya juu vya As vya 300 μg/L vinaripotiwa karibu na maeneo ya uchimbaji wa dhahabu ya mikoa ya Geita na Mara ndani ya bonde la Ziwa Victoria (LVB) nchini Tanzania. Wakati wa kampeni ya sampuli katika mikoa ya Geita na Mara, sampuli za maji ya ardhini na maji ya mito zilifichua uwepo wa viwango vya juu vya As pamoja na Fe na sulfide. Visima kadhaa vimeachwa kwa sababu ya harufu kutokana na sulfide iliyomo kwenye maji, pamoja na rangi nyekundu, kwa sababu ya chuma. Karibu 53% ya sampuli za maji zilizochambuliwa zilizidi mwongozo wa WHO wa maji ya kunywa. Kutolewa kwa As kimsingi kunahusishwa na hali ya hewa ya madini ya sulfide kama arsenopyrite inayohusiana na shughuli za madini ya dhahabu. Katika baadhi ya maeneo ya LVB, idadi kubwa ya kesi za saratani zinaripotiwa na uchunguzi wa kliniki sasa uko kwenye ajenda ya kitaifa ya kutambua sababu zinazowezekana. Matibabu ya maji kwa kutumia bauxite, gypsum na magnesite inaonyesha matokeo ya kuahidi, hasa bauxite na magnesite inaweza kupunguza viwango vya As mpaka chini ya 0.1 μg/L. Wote bauxite na magnesite walifanya kazi kwa ufanisi juu ya As kuondolewa hata katika viwango vya juu ya 5 mg/L wakati gypsum ni bora kwa matibabu ya viwango vya chini vya As kwenye maji. Zaidi ya hayo, magnesite alikuwa na tabia ya kipekee ya kemikali kushawishi nyenzo zingine kuwa na ufanisi mkubwa juu ya As kuondolewa; hata hivyo huinua pH ya maji hadi 10. Baada ya kuongeza 5 g/L magnesite katika 5 mg/L As, inaweza kupunguza As chini ya 10 μg/L ndani ya dakika 30. Kuondolewa kwa As iliongezeka hadi 98% kulingana na kipimo cha madini kuongezeka, pia na wakati wa maji kugusana katika masaa 4 ambayo inakubaliana na simulation ya Visual MINTEQ. Utendaji wa magnesite iliyochomwa, na gypsum ulioneshwa vizuri na Freundlich adsorption isotherm, ambayo inaonyesha uwepo wa majibu ya kemikali kama sababu ya kudhibiti kwa As kuondolewa wakati bauxite ilifaa vizuri kwenye Langmuir isotherm inayoonyesha chanjo ya uso wa monolayer. Mwitikio wa kinetic ulizingatiwa kufuata utaratibu wa pili wa pseudo. Takwimu hutii regression ya mstari na R2 kuanzia kati ya 0.7 na 0.9. Mtandao wa neva bandia ulifunua pH kama kigezo cha kushawishi zaidi kwa As kuondolewa kutoka kwa maji. Safu ndogo ilifunua kiwango cha mtiririko wa 0.5 - 1 mL/min kwa dakika 30 na uwezo wa mtiririko kati ya 0.07 na 0.14 μg/g ambayo inatii mfano wa Thomas linear na kiwango cha mara kwa mara cha kTH ya 29.48 hadi 211.25 mL/min μg. Kutolewa kwa vitu kutoka kwa magnesite iliyotumika, gypsum, na bauxite kama vile magnesiamu (Mg). alumini (Al), chuma (Fe), kalsiamu (Ca) ilipatikana kuwa chini ya viwango vya WHO baada ya matibabu ya maji. Hata hivyo, mchakato wa kuiachanisha As kutoka kwa magnesite iliyotumika na gypsum ilikuwa changamoto ambayo inamaanisha kulikuwa na muungano mgumu kati ya Mg-O-As na Ca-O-As. Utafiti huu unategemea machapisho 5 ambapo utachangia ufahamu muhimu kwa jamii ya kisayansi, watunga sera na jamii inayoishi karibu na maeneo yaliyochafuliwa, kujifunza kuhusu matukio ya uchafuzi wa vyanzo vya maji pamoja na mbinu rahisi za kuondoa As zilizotathminiwa katika utafiti huu.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 54
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2351
Keywords
Arsenic, bauxite, gypsum, magnesite, natural water, removal, Visual MINTEQ, kinetic reaction, isotherms, Freundlich, Langmuir, Arseniki, bauxite, gypsum, magnesite, maji ya asili, kuondolewa, Visual MINTEQ, misuguano ya kinetic, isotherm, Freundlich, Langmuir, Arsenik, bauxit, gips, magnesit, naturligt vatten, rening, Visual MINTEQ, kinetisk reaktion, isotermer, Freundlich, Langmuir
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339968 (URN)978-91-8040-779-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-19, Sahara, Teknikringen 10B (Plan 2), KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65995145722, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 51170071
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QC 20231127

Available from: 2023-11-27 Created: 2023-11-27 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved

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Ligate, Fanuel JosephatIjumulana, JulianIrunde, ReginaKimambo, VivianHamisi, RajabuBhattacharya, Prosun

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Ligate, Fanuel JosephatIjumulana, JulianIrunde, ReginaKimambo, VivianHamisi, RajabuBhattacharya, Prosun
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Water and Environmental Engineering
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Chemosphere
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