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On calcium-related problems in kraft pulping of Eucalyptus dunnii
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7055-9991
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Kraft pulping is the most widely used pulping process for producing chemical pulp today. It has been in use for more than 130 years. During the pulping process most of the lignin and part of the hemicellulose are removed from the wood, resulting in an unbleached chemical pulp which is mainly composed of cellulose, some hemicellulose with smaller amounts of modified lignin. Several studies have been conducted to ensure effective delignification during the kraft cooking process. Nonetheless, due to the highly complex chemistry and anatomy of wood, there is a need to understand pulping chemistry in more detail.

The principal inorganic component in wood is calcium. A considerable share of the calcium in wood is released during the chemical pulping process. The calcium released initially during kraft pulping is mainly soluble in cooking liquor which passes through a thermodynamically stable limit before reacting with carbonate to form calcium carbonate. The calcium in the pulping process causes precipitation and scaling problems in the pulping process lines, especially in the black liquor evaporation sections.

The focus of this work is to increase the knowledge of kraft cooking of Eucalyptus dunnii which has high calcium content and cooking chemicals reactions during delignification. In addition, the aim was to investigate the influence of different calcium levels in E. dunnii wood chips on the kraft pulping process. Chips with different calcium levels were pulped in lab-scale digesters.

The results obtained in this work showed that the rate of delignification decreased and polysaccharide degradation increased during kraft pulping of E dunnii when the calcium content was high. E dunnii with low calcium content showed no adverse effect on the delignification rate and polysaccharide degradation during kraft pulping.

The uronic acid content in wood and the hexuronic acid content in pulp after kraft cooking showed no significant impact on the delignification rate. The detrimental effect of calcium during kraft pulping was studied using green liquor introduction in kraft pulping. Using green liquor during the kraft pulping of high calcium E dunni wood chips and extending the impregnation time resulted in good delignification and lower degradation of polysaccharides. Unbleached pulps produced from high calcium content wood could be bleached with good results, i.e., equal brightness and increased strength properties. The drainage resistance of bleached pulp was slightly increased. The calcium present in the wood chips follows the fibre line with the pulp after kraft cooking and is less soluble in kraft black liquor. These phenomena are probably related to the carbonate present in green liquor “inactivating” the adverse effects of calcium ions. Possible scientific mechanisms and hypotheses are discussed in this work. Preliminary studies using industrial green liquor compared to synthetic green liquor on a lab scale are also discussed in this work.

Keywords: kraft pulping, delignification, polysaccharide degradation, viscosity, H-factor, kappa number, calcium content

Abstract [sv]

Sammanfattning

Sulfatprocessen är idag den mest använda metoden för framställning av kemisk massa, och har varit i användning i mer än 130 år. Under denna process avlägsnas det mesta av ligninet och en del av hemicellulosa från veden, vilket producerar en oblekt kemisk massa främst bestående av cellulosa och en del hemicellulosa med mindre mängder modifierat lignin. Flera studier har fokuserat på effektiv delignifiering under sulfatkoket, men trots detta finns det ännu brister i förståelsen av processen beroende på den komplexa kemin och morfologin hos trä.   

Den viktigaste oorganiska kompententen i ved är kalcium. En stor del av detta frigörs under sulfatprocessen. Det som frigörs tidigt under koket är huvudsakligen löst i kokvätskan innan det kan reagera med karbonat och bilda calciumkarbonat.  Kalcium I massakokningsprocesser orsakar problem med utfällningar på utrustningen, särskilt i indunstningssystemet. 

Fokuset för detta arbete är att öka kunskapen om sulfatkok av ved från Eucalyptus dunnii med hög kalciumhalt, och kemiska reaktioner under massatillverkningen. Ett vidare mål är att undersöka betydelsen av betydelsen av varierande kalciumhalter i ved från E. dunni. Flis med olika halt av kalcium kokades i labskala. 

Resultaten i detta arbete visade att delignifieringshastigheten avtog och polysackaridnedbrytningen tilltog vid högre kalcumhalter i veden. Det var däremot ingen påverkan på hexenuronsyrabildningen. Dessa negativa effekter av hög kalciumhalt kunde minimeras genom närvaro av grönlut Användes grönlut vid massatillverkning av E. dunni ved med hög kalciumhalt. Kunde massatillverkning utföras med tillfredställande delignifiering och låg kolhydratnedbrytning. Massor framställda på detta sätt kunde blekas med gott resultat, d.v.s. hög ljushet och goda styrkeegenskaper. Avvattningsmotståndet var dock något högre. Vid användning av grönlut följer calciumet med massan snarare än hamnar I svartluten. De positiva effekterna av grönlutsanvändning beror troligen på att kalciumjonerna inaktiveras och därmed undvikt negativa effekter av lösligjorda kalciumjoner. Förslag till möjliga mekanismer som förklarar dessa effekter diskuteras i avhandlingen. En jämförelse mellan syntetiska grönlutar och industriella grönlutar presenteras också. 

 

Nyckelord: Sulfatmassaprocessen, delignifiering, polysackaridnedbrytning, viskositet, H-faktor kappatal, kalciumhalt

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 58
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:2
National Category
Natural Sciences
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323105ISBN: 978-91-8040-462-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-323105DiVA, id: diva2:1727372
Presentation
2023-02-17, Treesearch conference room, Teknikringen 36, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-01-25 Created: 2023-01-16 Last updated: 2023-01-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. High calcium content of Eucalyptus dunnii woodaffects delignification and polysaccharidedegradation in kraft pulping
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High calcium content of Eucalyptus dunnii woodaffects delignification and polysaccharidedegradation in kraft pulping
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2022 (English)In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, ISSN 0283-2631, E-ISSN 2000-0669Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Published
Abstract [en]

Eucalyptus dunnii is cultivated in Uruguay for kraft pulping purposes. However, depending on the growth site, the kraft pulping properties of the wood vary highly, and in some cases, pulping is difficult. Different batches of wood were chemically characterized and the only significant difference related to the pulping properties was the calcium content. The calcium appears to at least partly be present in the form of crystals in the lumen. Kraft pulping experiments on wood with different calcium contents indicated that high calcium led to slower delignification, and higher yield losses. Hexeneuronic acid formation was not significantly affected. Possible mechanistic explanations for these effects are discussed.

National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323321 (URN)
Note

QC 20230328

Available from: 2023-01-25 Created: 2023-01-25 Last updated: 2023-03-28Bibliographically approved
2. Addition of Green and Black Liquor in Kraft Pulping of Eucalyptus dunnii wood: Possible Solutions for the Problems with Kraft Pulping Caused by High Calcium Content.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Addition of Green and Black Liquor in Kraft Pulping of Eucalyptus dunnii wood: Possible Solutions for the Problems with Kraft Pulping Caused by High Calcium Content.
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2023 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Samples of Eucalyptus dunnii with high calcium content have less good pulping properties regarding delignification and polysaccharide degradation, as it was shown by us earlier. In this work, we tested the addition of black liquor and green liquor to the Eucalyptus dunnii chips before kraft pulping, Specific improvements were obtained with both liquors, but the most substantial effect was observed with the green liquor, where even wood with the highest calcium content was pulped with a good result. Delignification was faster, and viscosity losses (degree of polymerization of cellulose) were higher for samples treated with green liquor prior to kraft pulping. Bleaching experiments showed that the bleachability of the green liquor-treated pulp was virtually the same as for a control pulp and that the higher viscosity of the bleached pulp was maintained. Possible chemical explanations for the results obtained are discussed.

National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323319 (URN)
Note

I listan över avhandlingens delarbeten står detta arbete med titeln "Green and black liquor impregnation:possible solutions for problems with kraft pulping caused by calciumcontent.".

QC 20230919

Available from: 2023-01-25 Created: 2023-01-25 Last updated: 2023-09-19Bibliographically approved
3. Presence of Calcium Cations Stimulate Alkaline Hydrolysis of Cellulose During Kraft Pulping Conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Presence of Calcium Cations Stimulate Alkaline Hydrolysis of Cellulose During Kraft Pulping Conditions
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Simulated kraft pulping has been performed on cotton linters fibers consisting of almost pure cellulose with varying content of calcium ions. These concentrations were obtained by soaking and drying cotton linters in calcium sulfate solutions. The viscosities of the pulped fibers were generally lower with higher calcium ion concentration and, therefore, in line with earlier suggested ideas that calcium ions could catalyze alkaline hydrolysis. The technical importance of these results is discussed.

National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323320 (URN)
Note

QC 20230227

Available from: 2023-01-25 Created: 2023-01-25 Last updated: 2023-02-27Bibliographically approved

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Vegunta, Vijaya Lakshmi

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