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‘Pause hours’: a community-based behavioural demand response approach to peak load reduction
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7572-9678
University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2621-4253
LocalLife Sweden AB.
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2022 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Households can provide demand-side flexibility by changing their consumption behaviour and shifting energy-intensive activities – such as vacuuming, cooking or charging electric cars – to off-peak hours. Such behaviour-based demand response management could balance out consumption peaks without the need for costly smart home devices or automation technologies. However, existing research has struggled to motivate consumers to adapt their behaviour or maintain behaviour change over extended periods of time. This field study explored a scalable and cost-effective behavioural demand response tool and investigated its short- and long-term impacts on average and peak hour electricity consumption under realistic conditions: A smartphone app provided users with social comparison feedback on their electricity consumption and invited them to participate in “pause hours” by avoiding energy- intensive activities during peak hours. To appeal even to hard-to-reach energy users and elicit longer-term engagement, the app also contained a neighbourhood newsfeed and was framed as a local social network. In a 15-month trial with 550 student apartments in Sweden, more than half of the residents voluntarily installed the app, many app users stayed engaged over an extended period of time and pause hour participants achieved substantial peak-load consumption reductions of 46% on average. These results indicate that smartphone apps can achieve peak load consumption reduction and long-term engagement, although they may be particularly attractive to already energy efficient households. Avenues for future research are discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2022. , p. 65
Keywords [en]
smart grid, energy feedback, behavioural demand response, social norms, peak load reduction, social networks
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320200OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-320200DiVA, id: diva2:1729678
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 731218Swedish Energy Agency, 48088-1
Note

Manuscript submitted to Journal of Cleaner Production, see DiVA record 1763440

QC 20230804

Available from: 2023-01-22 Created: 2023-01-22 Last updated: 2023-12-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Sustaining Sustainable Behaviours of Citizens by Creating Value in Their Everyday Life
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sustaining Sustainable Behaviours of Citizens by Creating Value in Their Everyday Life
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Over 60% of global greenhouse gas emissions derive from household consumption patterns. To reach the 1.5-degree target set in the Paris Agreement, new interventions to influence household behaviours are needed. This thesis examined two areas, household electricity consumption and waste sorting, where behaviour plays a large role. To change behaviour, households need information and feedback regarding their consumption, but in an era of information overload it is difficult to reach individuals. This thesis explored whether households can be better reached by a service that creates value for its users, so that feedback is noticed and acted upon over a sustained period. Specific objectives were to: (1) identify needs of citizens that could be addressed with a local digital service and develop such a service; (2) design and develop elements of the service to promote selected sustainable behaviours affecting household electricity consumption and household waste sorting; and (3) evaluate whether these elements can improve awareness of sustainability matters and promote pro-environmental behaviour among residents.

To fulfil objective (1), a local social network for neighbourhoods was designed and developed. A phone survey in Stockholm Royal Seaport confirmed low neighbour interaction, while focus group interviews in Hammarby Sjöstad identified specific local information and communication needs. To fulfil objective (2), a subset of design principles identified from the literature was used to design feedback for the local social network. The feedback was developed into a prototype through workshop and focus group discussions. To fulfil objective (3), residents were provided with feedback and interventions in two pilot studies in Stockholm, a 15-month study on electricity consumption involving 281 students at KTH and a 12-month study on waste sorting involving 61 households in Stockholm Royal Seaport having an automatic waste collection system. The study on electricity showed a 3.3 %-unit peak-hour reduction for the intervention group and 46 %-unit reduction for saving participants. Average participation in peak load reduction was 3 months, but some stayed for almost the entire period, indicating potential for long-term engagement. Incentives were not necessary, but improved outcomes. The waste study found increased plastic sorting among app users, but also challenges in data collection and analysis. Overall, the value-creating approach can be useful if user needs are met correctly, and reaches a larger user group with feedback than conventional energy apps.

Abstract [sv]

Över 60 % av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser härrör från hushållens konsumtionsmönster. För att nå det 1,5-gradersmål som sattes upp i Parisavtalet behövs nya insatser som kan påverka hushållens beteenden. Denna avhandling undersökte två områden där beteende spelar en stor roll: hushållens elförbrukning och sopsortering. För att få till en beteendeförändring behöver hushållen information och återkoppling om sin konsumtion, men denna drunknar i dagens informationsbrus vilket gör det svårt att nå de boende. Denna avhandling utforskade hur medborgare kan ges återkoppling via en tjänst som dessutom skapar värde för de boende, detta för att återkopplingen ska uppmärksammas och ageras på under en längre tid. Syftet med avhandlingen var att: 1) identifiera behov hos medborgare som skulle kunna tillgodoses med en lokal digital tjänst och utveckla en sådan tjänst, 2) designa/utveckla element i tjänsten som främjar utvalda hållbara beteenden gällande hushållens elförbrukning och hushållsavfallssortering; och 3) utvärdera om dessa element kan öka medvetenheten kring hållbarhetsfrågor och leda till ett hållbarare beteende bland invånarna.

För mål 1) föreslogs och utvecklades ett lokalt socialt nätverk för stadsdelar. En telefonundersökning i Norra Djurgårdsstaden i Stockholm bekräftade en låg interaktion bland grannar, medan fokusgruppsintervjuer i Hammarby Sjöstad i Stockholm identifierade specifika lokala informations- och kommunikationsbehov. För mål 2) användes utvalda designprinciper från litteraturen till att bygga en designprototyp för återkoppling som utvärderades med workshops och fokusgrupper och utvecklades därefter till en fungerande prototyp. För mål 3) fick boende återkoppling och interventioner i två pilotstudier i Stockholm: en 15-månaders studie om elförbrukning med 281 studenter på KTH, och en 1-årig studie om sopsortering med 61 hushåll i Norra Djurgårdsstaden som har ett sopsugssystem. Elpiloten visade en topplastsminskning på 3,1 procentenheter för hela interventionsgruppen och 46 procentenheter för de deltagare som sparade el. Det genomsnittliga deltagandet för topplastsminskningen var 3 månader, men de mest motiverade personerna deltog under nästan hela experimentperioden vilket visade en potential för långsiktigt användarengagemang. Incitament var inte nödvändiga men förbättrade resultaten. Avfallspiloten visade på en ökad sortering av plast för appanvändare men belyste även utmaningar gällande datainsamling och - analys. Fler studier behövs för att undersöka effektiviteten av återkopplingen. Det värdeskapande tillvägagångssättet kan vara användbart om rätt behov tillgodoses och kan därmed göra hållbarhetsåterkoppling tillgänglig för en större användargrupp än exempelvis vanligt förekommande energiappar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 87
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 232
Keywords
Energy feedback, Waste feedback, Consumer engagement, Energy behaviour, Peak-load reduction, Behavioural demand response, Waste sorting behaviour, Automated waste collection system, Social networks, Smart grids, Energy communities, Design principles for feedback, Energiåterkoppling, Återkoppling på avfall, Konsumentengagemang, Energibeteende, Minskning av topplast, Beteendebaserad demand response, Sopsorteringsbeteende, Sopsug, Sociala nätverk, Smarta elnät, Energigemenskaper, Designprinciper för återkoppling
National Category
Environmental Sciences Energy Systems Sociology (Excluding Social Work, Social Anthropology, Demography and Criminology) Applied Psychology Information Systems, Social aspects Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Industrial Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323206 (URN)978-91-8040-458-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-02-15, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH campus, videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62239751147?pwd=RDRkRS9SZVBTWkFacWV1NXpWYmtRZz09, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2015-00305EU, Horizon 2020, 731218Swedish Energy Agency, 48088-1
Note

QC 20230123

Available from: 2023-01-23 Created: 2023-01-22 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved

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Mäkivierikko, AramShahrokni, HosseinKordas, Olga

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