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Combined Energy Solutions Applied to Dairy Farming in Bolivia and Latin America
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. (Polygeneration)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2335-6574
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Soluciones Energéticas Combinadas Aplicadas a Granjas Lecheras de Bolivia y Latinoamérica. (Spanish)
Abstract [en]

The transition towards a sustainable world requires immediate action on the part of individuals and communities. Developing countries find the task of incorporating climate change policies difficult for various reasons including the negative effects that the Covid-19 pandemic left behind on the economy. One way to address this issue would be to focus on the productive sector, for example the dairy farming sector. This segment, along with others of similar characteristics, plays an essential part in developing countries’ economies and is characterized by the presence of small and medium production facilities that, in general, do not consider the concept of a circular economy, and where proper waste and energy management is not a priority. Nevertheless, several types of dairy farms have a high potential for the incorporation of energy solutions under the concept of waste-to-energy by producing biogas, having the potential to cover a wide range of energy demands, including those for electricity, heat, refrigeration, and gas for cooking. This can allow energy self-sufficiency, promote enhanced organic waste management and reduce dependence on conventional energy services (mostly based on fossil fuels). Biogas production also results in the supply of bio-slurry, an organic fertilizer. In addition, a biogas-based energy solution can be combined with other renewable energy sources, thus promoting the exploitation of local energy resources. Under this scenario, these solutions can allow enhanced waste and energy management, while reducing GHG emissions along the lines of sustainability. 

This thesis explores these issues by considering biogas-based energy solutions applied on Bolivian dairy farms and, with a broader approach, on Latin American dairy farms. The energy solutions can supply electricity, hot water, refrigeration (by using absorption refrigeration systems), cooking gas and organic fertilizers. The first assessment was focused on evaluating the energy performance of a trigeneration (CCHP) system proposed for small dairy farms. Such a system was found to result in energy savings of up to 37% compared to conventional solutions. A techno-economic feasibility study was performed by comparing two polygeneration options aimed to cover the energy needs of a small association of Bolivian dairy farmers. The costs of producing biogas, electricity, refrigeration, and fertilizers were determined to confirm their feasibility in the market. To reinforce the techno-economic analysis and include solar PV energy, an open dynamic model was extended to allow for optimization of a hybrid biogas/solar PV system. The model determines the costs of producing electricity and heat, quantifies CO2 emission reductions, and displays the operation scheme and the percentage of solar energy use in the system. Finally, an investigation was performed on estimating the potential for biogas and organic fertilizers production on Latin American dairy farms; analyze whether energy self-sufficiency is possible in dairy farms; and quantify the potential reductions of GHG emissions. The combined findings of the techno-economic evaluations and the aforementioned study found that energy self-sufficiency is possible for almost all farm sizes with biogas and electricity production costs in the ranges of 0.017 to 0.037 and 0.06 to 0.16 USD/kWh, respectively. The proposed solutions applied on Latin American dairy farms can contribute reducing GHG emissions of up to 51 Mton CO2 per year.

The results from these evaluations are promising and show that an eventual implementation of polygeneration systems can yield benefits such as promoting an efficient use of local resources within the framework of a circular economy and adhere to the principles of several sustainable development goals. This work contributes to the understanding of an integrated evaluation of combined energy solutions by considering energy performance, techno-economic and environmental aspects. The evaluation methods can be replicated for the assessment of combined energy solutions applied to other productive sectors. Furthermore, the work proposes novel energy system configurations and offers an open access optimization tool that can be useful for further development and study of these type of energy solutions. This constitutes a foundation that should be supplemented and strengthened by future studies leading to the sustainability of the productive sectors, such as dairy farming, in pursuit of a green and efficient economy.

Abstract [sv]

Övergången till en hållbar värld kräver omedelbara åtgärder av individer och samhällen. Utvecklingsländerna har svårt att införliva klimatförändringspolitiken av olika skäl, bland annat på grund av de negativa effekter som Covid-19-pandemin lämnade efter sig på ekonomin. Ett sätt att ta itu med denna fråga kan vara att fokusera på den produktiva sektorn, till exempel mjölkproduktionssektorn. Detta segment, tillsammans med andra segment med liknande egenskaper, spelar en viktig roll i utvecklingsländernas ekonomier och kännetecknas av att det finns små och medelstora produktionsanläggningar som i allmänhet inte tar hänsyn till begreppet cirkulär ekonomi, och där korrekt avfalls- och energihantering inte prioriteras. Flera typer av mjölkgårdar har dock en stor potential för integrering av energilösningar inom ramen för konceptet avfall till energi genom produktion av biogas, som har potential att täcka ett brett spektrum av energibehov, bland annat för el, värme, kyla och gas för matlagning. Detta kan möjliggöra självförsörjning av energi, främja en förbättrad hantering av organiskt avfall och minska beroendet av konventionella energitjänster (oftast baserade på fossila bränslen). Biogasproduktion leder också till att man får tillgång till biogödsel, ett organiskt gödningsmedel. Dessutom kan en biogasbaserad energilösning kombineras med andra förnybara energikällor, vilket främjar utnyttjandet av lokala energiresurser. I ett sådant scenario kan dessa lösningar möjliggöra en förbättrad avfalls- och energihantering, samtidigt som växthusgasutsläppen minskas i enlighet med hållbarhetsprincipen.

I denna avhandling undersöks dessa frågor genom att biogasbaserade energilösningar tillämpas på bolivianska mjölkgårdar och, med en bredare ansats, på latinamerikanska mjölkgårdar. Energilösningarna kan leverera el, varmvatten, kylning (med hjälp av absorptionskylsystem), matlagningsgas och organiska gödningsmedel. Den första utvärderingen inriktades på att utvärdera energiprestandan hos ett system för trippelgenerering (CCHP) som föreslagits för små mjölkgårdar. Ett sådant system visade sig leda till energibesparingar på upp till 37 % jämfört med konventionella lösningar. En teknisk-ekonomisk genomförbarhetsstudie utfördes genom att jämföra två alternativ för polygenerering för att täcka energibehovet hos en liten sammanslutning av bolivianska mjölkgårdar. Kostnaderna för produktion av biogas, elektricitet, kylning och gödningsmedel fastställdes för att bekräfta deras genomförbarhet på marknaden. För att förstärka den teknisk-ekonomiska analysen och inkludera solcellsenergi utökades en befintlig öppen dynamisk modell till att möjliggöra optimering av ett hybridsystem av biogas och solcellsenergi. Modellen fastställer kostnaderna för att producera el och värme, kvantifierar minskningen av koldioxidutsläpp och visar hur systemet drivs och den procentuella andelen solenergi i systemet. Slutligen gjordes en undersökning för att uppskatta potentialen för produktion av biogas och organiska gödningsmedel på latinamerikanska mjölkgårdar och analysera om det är möjligt att vara självförsörjande i fråga om energi på mjölkgårdar samt kvantifiera den potentiella minskningen av växthusgasutsläpp. De kombinerade resultaten av de teknisk-ekonomiska utvärderingarna och den ovannämnda studien visade att det är möjligt att vara självförsörjande på energi för nästan alla gårdsstorlekar med biogas - och elproduktionskostnader på 0.017-0.037 USD/kWh respektive 0.06-0.16 USD/kWh. De föreslagna lösningarna som tillämpas på latinamerikanska mjölkgårdar kan bidra till att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser med upp till 51 Mton CO2 per år.

Resultaten från dessa utvärderingar är lovande och visar att ett eventuellt genomförande av polygenerationsystem kan ge fördelar som att främja en effektiv användning av lokala resurser inom ramen för en cirkulär ekonomi och att följa principerna hos flera av målen för hållbar utveckling. Detta arbete bidrar till förståelsen av en integrerad utvärdering av kombinerade energilösningar genom att ta hänsyn till energiprestanda, tekniska, ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter. Utvärderingsmetoderna kan dupliceras för bedömning av kombinerade energilösningar som tillämpas på andra produktionssektorer. Dessutom föreslås nya energisystemkonfigurationer och ett öppet tillgängligt optimeringsverktyg som kan vara användbart för fortsatt utveckling och undersökning av denna typ av energilösningar. Detta utgör en grund som bör kompletteras och stärkas av framtida studier som leder till hållbarheten inom produktiva sektorer, såsom mjölkproduktion, i strävan efter en grön och effektiv ekonomi.

Abstract [es]

La transición hacia un mundo sostenible requiere una acción inmediata por parte de los individuos y las comunidades. Sin embargo, los países en desarrollo encuentran difícil la tarea de incorporar políticas de cambio climático por varias razones, entre ellas los efectos negativos que la pandemia de Covid-19 dejó en la economía. Una forma de abordar esta cuestión sería centrarse en el sector productivo, por ejemplo, el de la ganadería lechera. Este segmento, junto con otros de similares características, desempeña un papel esencial en las economías de los países en desarrollo y se caracteriza por la presencia de pequeñas y medianas unidades productivas que, en general, no tienen en cuenta el concepto de economía circular, y en las que la gestión adecuada de los residuos y la energía no es una prioridad. Sin embargo, varios tipos de granjas lecheras tienen un alto potencial para la incorporación de soluciones energéticas bajo el concepto de conversión de residuos en energía mediante la producción de biogás, teniendo el potencial de cubrir una amplia gama de demandas energéticas, incluyendo las de electricidad, calor, refrigeración y gas para cocinar. Esto puede permitir la autosuficiencia energética, promover una mejor gestión de los residuos orgánicos y reducir la dependencia de los servicios energéticos convencionales (basados en su mayoría en combustibles fósiles). La producción de biogás también da lugar al suministro de biol, un fertilizante orgánico. Además, una solución energética basada en el biogás puede combinarse con otras fuentes de energía renovables, promoviendo así la explotación de los recursos energéticos locales. En este escenario, estas soluciones permitirían una mejor gestión de los residuos y de la energía, mientras permiten reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en la línea de la sostenibilidad.

Esta tesis explora estos aspectos considerando soluciones energéticas basadas en biogás y aplicadas en granjas lecheras bolivianas y, con un enfoque más amplio, en granjas lecheras latinoamericanas. Las soluciones energéticas suministran electricidad, agua caliente, refrigeración (mediante sistemas de refrigeración por absorción), gas para cocinar y fertilizantes orgánicos. La primera parte del estudio se centró en evaluar el rendimiento energético de un sistema de trigeneración (CCHP) propuesto para pequeñas granjas lecheras. Se encontró que dicho sistema permite un ahorro energético de hasta el 37% en comparación con las soluciones convencionales. Después se realizó un estudio de viabilidad tecno-económica comparando dos opciones de plantas de poligeneración destinadas a cubrir las necesidades energéticas de una pequeña asociación de productores lecheros bolivianos. Se determinaron los costos de producción de biogás, electricidad, refrigeración y fertilizantes para confirmar su viabilidad en el mercado. Para reforzar el análisis tecno-económico e incluir la energía solar fotovoltaica, se mejoró los atributos de un modelo dinámico abierto que permite optimizar el tamaño de un sistema híbrido de biogás y energía solar fotovoltaica. El modelo determina los costos de producción de electricidad y calor, cuantifica las reducciones de emisiones de CO2 y muestra el esquema del despacho de los servicios energéticos y el porcentaje de uso de energía solar en el sistema. En la última parte se realizó una investigación para estimar el potencial de producción de biogás y fertilizantes orgánicos en las granjas lecheras de América Latina; analizando si es posible la autosuficiencia energética en las granjas; y cuantificando las posibles reducciones de emisiones de GEI. Los resultados de las evaluaciones tecno-económicas y el último estudio encontraron que la autosuficiencia energética es posible para casi todos los tamaños de granjas con costos de producción de biogás y electricidad en los rangos de 0.017 a 0.037 y 0.06 a 0.16 USD/kWh, respectivamente. Las soluciones propuestas aplicadas en las granjas lecheras latinoamericanas pueden contribuir a reducir las emisiones de GEI hasta 51 Mton de CO2 al año.

Los resultados de estas evaluaciones son prometedores y muestran que una eventual implementación de sistemas de poligeneración puede producir beneficios como la promoción de un uso eficiente de los recursos locales en el marco de una economía circular y adheridos a los principios de varios objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Este trabajo contribuye a la comprensión de una evaluación integrada de las soluciones energéticas combinadas considerando el rendimiento energético, los aspectos tecno-económicos y medioambientales. Los métodos de evaluación pueden ser replicados para la evaluación de soluciones energéticas combinadas aplicadas a otros sectores productivos. Además, el trabajo propone novedosas configuraciones de sistemas energéticos y ofrece una herramienta de optimización de libre acceso que puede ser útil para el desarrollo y estudio de este tipo de soluciones energéticas. Esto constituye una base que debe ser complementada y reforzada por futuros estudios que conduzcan a la sostenibilidad de los sectores productivos en pos de una economía verde y eficiente.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 111
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2023: 5
Keywords [en]
Polygeneration, productive sector, dairy farm, farming, biogas, energy efficiency, electricity, refrigeration, self-sufficiency, techno-economic, GHG emissions, Bolivia, Latin America
Keywords [sv]
Polygeneration, produktiv sektor, mjölkgård, jordbruk, biogas, energieffektivitet, elektricitet, kylning, självförsörjning, teknisk-ekonomisk, växthusgasutsläpp, Bolivia, Latinamerika
Keywords [es]
Poligeneración, sector productivo, granja, ganadería, biogás, eficiencia energética, electricidad, refrigeración, autosuficiencia, tecno-económico, GEI, Bolivia, América Latina
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323374ISBN: 978-91-8040-476-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-323374DiVA, id: diva2:1731700
Public defence
2023-02-22, M235 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61749230167, Brinellvägen 68, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-01-31 Created: 2023-01-27 Last updated: 2023-07-10Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Performance Analysis of a Small-Scale Biogas-Based Trigeneration Plant: An Absorption Refrigeration System Integrated to an Externally Fired Microturbine
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance Analysis of a Small-Scale Biogas-Based Trigeneration Plant: An Absorption Refrigeration System Integrated to an Externally Fired Microturbine
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2019 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 12, no 20, article id 3830Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) systems fueled by raw biogas can be an interesting alternative for supplying electricity and thermal services in remote rural areas where biogas can be produced without requiring sophisticated equipment. In this sense, this study considers a performance analysis of a novel small-scale CCHP system where a biogas-fired, 5 kW(el) externally fired microturbine (EFMT), an absorption refrigeration system (ARS) and heat exchangers are integrated for supplying electricity, refrigeration and hot water demanded by Bolivian small dairy farms. The CCHP solution presents two cases, current and nominal states, in which experimental and design data of the EFMT performance were considered, respectively. The primary energy/exergy rate was used as a performance indicator. The proposed cases show better energy performances than those of reference fossil fuel-based energy solutions (where energy services are produced separately) allowing savings in primary energy utilization of up to 31%. Furthermore, improvements in electric efficiency of the EFMT and coefficient of performance (COP) of the ARS, identified as key variables of the system, allow primary energy savings of up to 37%. However, to achieve these values in real conditions, more research and development of the technologies involved is required, especially for the EFMT.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2019
Keywords
combined cooling, heat and power, CCHP, trigeneration, dairy farm, refrigeration, efficiency, performance, externally fired microturbine
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265463 (URN)10.3390/en12203830 (DOI)000498391700026 ()2-s2.0-85075075418 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230214

Available from: 2019-12-18 Created: 2019-12-18 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
2. Biogas based polygeneration plant options utilizing dairy farms waste: A Bolivian case
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biogas based polygeneration plant options utilizing dairy farms waste: A Bolivian case
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2020 (English)In: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, ISSN 2213-1388, E-ISSN 2213-1396, Vol. 37, article id 100571Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study presents a comparative techno-economic feasibility analysis for two polygeneration plant solutions, applied to low-income dairy farms in Bolivia. The first option considers an internally fired microturbine (IFMT) and, the second, an internal combustion engine (ICE). They are integrated with an absorption refrigeration system and a fertilizer dryer. Biogas, produced with farms waste, fuels these power generators. The levelized costs of biogas for cooking, electricity, cooling and fertilizers were determined. The cost of biogas, for both options, was found to be 0.020 USD/kWh, which is lower than the subsidized price of LPG. The most competitive cost of electricity was determined for the ICE plant option; it was found to be 0.082 USD/kWh and is lower than the subsidized cost of fossil fuel-based electricity. The cost of cooling was found to be around 0.082 USD/kWh, which is slightly higher than the cost of cooling supplied by using grid electricity. In a realistic scenario, the shorter payback period was found to be 4.4 years for the ICE plant option. From this, the ICE-based plant was found as the most feasible option. Additionally, if no subsidies are applied to the fossil fuel-based services, the proposed polygeneration systems are a highly competitive alternative.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Polygeneration plant, Techno-economic study, Biogas, Dairy farm, Energy services, Electricity, Cooling, Fertilizer
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-270895 (URN)10.1016/j.seta.2019.100571 (DOI)000514838400008 ()2-s2.0-85075041947 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200324

Available from: 2020-03-24 Created: 2020-03-24 Last updated: 2023-01-27Bibliographically approved
3. Open-source model applied for techno-economic optimization of a hybrid solarPV biogas-based polygeneration plant: the case of a dairy farmers’ associationin central Bolivia
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Open-source model applied for techno-economic optimization of a hybrid solarPV biogas-based polygeneration plant: the case of a dairy farmers’ associationin central Bolivia
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Proper sizing of energy systems is a key aspect that allows avoiding overestimated installationcosts or failures in operation and dispatch. Most of the available sizing tools focus on systemsdedicated only to electrical loads, omitting combined energy systems with simultaneous supplyof various thermal demands. This study presents an adaptation of an existing techno-economicoptimization model for broadening the design tool for small-scale energy systems supplyingboth electrical and thermal needs. For this, a new typology of the energy system was proposedadding components such as a combustor and a combined heat and power generator. Thenmodifications were made to the model framework (constraints, parameters, variables andobjective function). The developed model was applied to a polygeneration plant for anassociation of 30 small dairy farmers, where biogas is proposed to be produced to cover thedemand for cooking gas and mainly for fuelling the plant that supplies electricity, refrigerationfor milk (by using absorption refrigeration technology) and heat for drying organic fertilizersthat result from biogas production. In addition, the use of solar PV panels and batteries isconsidered. Different scenarios for analysing and validating the model were proposed; thebase scenario allows the operation of all the system components, generating surpluses ofelectricity (for selling), heat (for other uses) and biogas. The aggregated cost of producingelectricity and heat ranges from 0.043 to 0.068 USD/kWh; the penetration of solar energyranges from 27 to 36%, while the potential savings of CO2 emissions of applying the proposedpolygeneration system ranges from 109 to 131 ton of CO2 per year.

Keywords
Cogeneration, hybrid solar-biogas, techno-economic, optimization, biogas, dairy
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323373 (URN)
Note

Manuscript draft submitted and under revision in Elsevier journal “Energy Conversion and Management”, December 2022

QC 20230227

Available from: 2023-01-27 Created: 2023-01-27 Last updated: 2023-02-27Bibliographically approved
4. Energy self-sufficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions in Latin American dairy farms through massive implementation of biogas-based solutions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Energy self-sufficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions in Latin American dairy farms through massive implementation of biogas-based solutions
Show others...
2022 (English)In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 261, p. 115670-115670, article id 115670Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The transition towards sustainable economies with improved resource efficiency is today’s challenge for all productive sectors. The dairy sector in Latin America is growing without considering a clear path for sustainable energy and waste management solutions. This study proposes integrated solutions through a waste-to-energy approach. The solutions consider biogas production (via cow manure) as the main energy conversion pathway; technology solutions include biodigesters, power generators, and combined heat and power systems that supply not only the energy services demanded by dairy farms (for cooking gas, electricity, refrigeration and hot water) but also provide organic fertilizers. Biogas’ potential was estimated to verify whether it can cover the energy demands of the farms, while the levelized costs of producing biogas and electricity were the indicators for the techno-economic evaluation of the solutions. Greenhouse gas emission reductions were estimated by following IPCC guidelines. Specifically, the proposed solutions lead to energy self-sufficiency in most dairy farms with relevant biogas and electricity costs in the range of 1.7–3.7 and 6–12 USD cents/kWh, respectively. In addition, implementing the proposed solutions in Latin American dairy farms would allow annual greenhouse gas emission reductions of 32.8 Mton CO2 eq. with an additional 17 Mton if widespread use of the supplied organic fertilizers is achieved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
Energy self-sufficiency, Dairy farms, Latin America, Biogas-based solution, GHG emission reduction, Waste-to-energy
National Category
Other Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312816 (URN)10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115670 (DOI)000803716500003 ()2-s2.0-85129060839 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Note

QC 20230214

Available from: 2022-05-23 Created: 2022-05-23 Last updated: 2023-02-14Bibliographically approved

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