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Energy-Water and Agriculture Nexus to Support the Sustainable Management of Shared Water Resources
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3015-8610
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Throughout history, major rivers and shared water bodies have allowed civilizations to flourish, and the effective management of shared water bodies has always been a priority for societies and nations. Today, about 40% of the world’s population lives in proximity to the 286 transboundary river and lake basins that supply 60% of the world’s freshwater flows and make up about half of the Earth’s land area. Moreover, around 2 billion people in the world depend on groundwater sources, which include over 460 transboundary aquifer systems.

The mismanagement of water resources can result in catastrophic disasters that are often exacerbated by a domino effect so that the impacts of poor water management often extend beyond the water system. The interdependency of the water system with other systems such as energy and food, or with land-use, highlights the importance of ”systems thinking and planning” in resource management. Such a concept is not easily encapsulated into policy-making processes in many parts of the world because consideration of the resource systems in isolation as individual entities and ‘silo” thinking still dominate. Climate change adds another layer of complexity and exacerbates the issue of water management. Another important factor is geographical location because precipitation varies among and within continents. This results in some regions suffering from water shortages and some regions facing the risks of water redundancy and floods. 

The concept of the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus was introduced in 2011 as a response to help address some of the issues mentioned above. Over the last decade, research on the WEF nexus has gained momentum in both the policy and academic areas and several methods have been introduced to operationalize the nexus in different contexts. One of the flagship methodologies is the Transboundary Basins Nexus Approach (TBNA) introduced by the United Nations Economic Commission of Europe (UNECE) in 2015 and designed to assess the nexus in shared (transboundary) water basins.

The aim of this thesis is to support shared water management by using the WEF-nexus approach to quantify the benefits of coordinated management, motivate cooperation, and identify trade-offs in the optimal use of resources. To achieve this aim, four research questions are explored over the course of four academic publications.  

The first question explores the role of the energy sector in motivating shared water cooperation. The second question studies the risks and opportunities emerging from the interplay between climate and renewable energy in shared basins. The third question focuses on groundwater management and explores what benefits the consideration of the energy-water-agriculture nexus could bring to shared groundwater management in water-scarce areas. The fourth question examines how consideration of the energy-water-agriculture nexus could accelerate the low-carbon transition in the agricultural sector. 

These research questions are examined in two different, yet complementing, geographic locations. One is the Balkans in Southeastern Europe, which faces water redundancy and flood issues and the other is the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region which suffers from water scarcity. In the first region, the Drina and the Drin River Basins represent the characteristics of Southeastern Europe while the North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) and the Souss-Massa basin represent the characteristics of the MENA region. Three of the case applications are transboundary (Drina, Drin and NWSAS) while the last application (Souss-Massa Basin) is a subnational basin.  

Abstract [sv]

Historiskt har stora floder och delade vattendrag gjort det möjligt för civilisationer att blomstra. Att effektivt hantera delade vattenresurser har alltid varit och är en prioritet för samhällen och nationer. Idag bor cirka 40 % av världens befolkning i nära anslutning till någon av de 286 internationella floder och sjöar som är just delade vattendrag. De försörjer 60 % av världens sötvatten och utgör ungefär hälften av jordens yta. Vidare är omkring 2 miljarder människor i världen beroende av grundvattenkällor, som inkluderar över 460 gränsöverskridande akvifera system.

Dålig vattenförvaltning kan leda till katastrofala följder med efterföljande dominoeffekt där dålig vattenförvaltning inte bara påverkar vattensystemet, utan även andra relaterade system så som energi, mat och markanvändning. Vattensystemets ömsesidiga beroende av andra system understryker vikten av "systemtänkande och planering" i resurshantering. I många delar av världen domineras dock policyprocesserna av att se resurssystemen som isolerade individuella enheter, ett så kallat "silo"-tänkande. Klimatförändringarna lägger till ytterligare ett lager av komplexitet till frågan om vattenförvaltning. Det geografiska läget har också betydelse eftersom den globala nederbörden varierar mellan och inom kontinenter. Detta resulterar i att vissa regioner lider av vattenbrist och andra riskerar att få vattenöverflöd och bli översvämmade.

Konceptet vatten-energi-mat (WEF)-nexus introducerades 2011 som en lösning för att hjälpa till att ta itu med några av de ovan nämnda problemen. Forskningen kring WEF-nexus tog fart under det efterföljande decenniet, både inom politiska och akademiska arenor, och flera metoder introducerades för att göra nexus användbart i olika sammanhang. En av flaggskeppsmetoderna är Transboundary Bassins Nexus Approach (TBNA) som introducerades av FN:s ekonomiska kommission för Europa (UNECE) 2015 och är utformad för att förstå och utvärdera delade (gränsöverskridande) vattenavrinningsområde.

Denna avhandling syftar till att stödja delad (gränsöverskridande) vattenförvaltning genom att använda WEF-nexus-metoden till att kvantifiera fördelarna med samordnad förvaltning, motivera samarbete samt identifiera avvägningar i optimal användning av resurser. Detta undersöks genom fyra forskningsfrågor och redovisas i fyra publikationer.

Den första frågan utforskar energisektorns roll i att motivera delad vattenförvaltning och vilka insikter som kan erhållas från modeller med öppen källkod. Den andra frågan studerar riskerna och möjligheterna av samspelet mellan klimat och förnybar energi i delade vattenavrinningsområden. Den tredje frågan fokuserar på grundvattenhantering och undersöker vilka fördelar systemtänkande kring energi-vatten-jordbruk kan ge till delad grundvattenhantering i områden med vattenbrist. Den fjärde frågan undersöker hur hänsynstagandet till sambandet energi-vatten-jordbruk kan påskynda omställningen med låga koldioxidutsläpp inom jordbrukssektorn.

Dessa forskningsfrågor undersöks på två olika, men kompletterande, geografiska platser. Den ena är Balkanregionen i sydöstra Europa, som står inför översvämningsproblem, och den andra är Mellanöstern- och Nordafrika-regionen (MENA) som lider av vattenbrist. I den första regionen representerar floderna Drina och Drin några av särdragen för sydöstra Europa, medan North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) och Souss-Massa-vattenavrinningsområde representerar särdrag i MENA-regionen. Tre av fallstudierna är gränsöverskridande (Drina, Drin och NWSAS) medan den sista studien (Souss-Massa Basin) är ett nationellt vattenavrinningsområde.

Abstract [ar]

لعبت الأنهار الرئيسية والمسطحات المائية المشتركة دورا محوريا في ازدهار الحضارات على مر التاريخ ، وشكلت الإدارة الفاعلة للمسطحات المائية المشتركة أولوية كبرى للأمم والمجتمعات، وفي الوقت الراهن يعيش حوالي 40٪ من سكان العالم بالقرب من أحواض الأنهار و البحيرات العابرة للحدود البالغ عددها 286 حوضا مشتركا، والتي تغطي حوالي نصف مساحة اليابسة وتشكل المصدر الرئيسي لـ 60٪ من تدفقات المياه العذبة في العالم. علاوة على ذلك، يعتمد حوالي 2 مليار نسمة في العالم على مصادر المياه الجوفية النابعة من 460 نظامًا لطبقات المياه الجوفية العابرة للحدود.

إن سوء إدارة الموارد المائية يمكن أن يؤدي إلى كوارث متعددة الأبعاد غالبًا ما تتجاوز منظومة المياه، كما أن الترابط بين النظام المائي والأنظمة الأخرى مثل الطاقة والغذاء (أو استخدام الأراضي) يسلط الضوء على أهمية "التفكير والتخطيط النظمي" في إدارة الموارد، وهو مفهوم لا يمكن ترجمته بسهولة في عملية صنع السياسات في أجزاء كثيرة من العالم، حيث لا يزال التفكير والتخطيط الأحادي والمنعزل لأنظمة الموارد هو المسيطر. 

التغير المناخي يضيف بدوره مستوى آخر من التعقيد ويفاقم من أزمة إدارة المياه، والعامل الأخر المهم هو الموقع الجغرافي حيث تتباين مستويات هطول الأمطار بين القارات وفي داخلها، مما انعكس على تباين تحديات المياه حول العالم، ففي حين نجد بعض المناطق تعاني من شح الموارد المائية، نجد مناطق أخرى تعاني من مخاطر وفرة المياه والفيضانات. 

ظهر مفهوم "الترابط بين المياه والطاقة والغذاء (WEF-nexus)" في عام 2011م كمساهمة في معالجة بعض القضايا المذكورة أعلاه، وخلال العقد الماضي اكتسب البحث حول "الترابط بين الماء والطاقة والغذاء" زخمًا كبيرا في المجال الأكاديمي وكذلك في مجال صنع السياسات التنموية، وتم ابتكار العديد من النماذج التطبيقية لاسقاط مفهوم التفكير الترابطي بين الموارد على أرض الواقع وتطبيقه في سياقات مختلفة، إحدى المنهجيات الرئيسية هي منهجية الترابط في الأحواض العابرة للحدود (TBNA)، والتي ابتكرتها اللجنة الاقتصادية لأوروبا التابعة للأمم المتحدة (UNECE) في عام 2015 لتقييم الترابط بين الموارد في أحواض المياه المشتركة (العابرة للحدود).

تهدف هذه الأطروحة إلى دعم إدارة المياه المشتركة باستخدام نهج "الترابط بين المياه والطاقة والغذاء WEF-nexus" وذلك من خلال الدراسة الكمية لفوائد الإدارة التكاملية للموارد، وتحفيز التعاون بين الشركاء، ودراسة التبعات أوالمقايضات في الاستخدام الأمثل للموارد، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف؛ تمت دراسة أربعة أسئلة بحثية عبر أربعة أبحاث علمية محكمة.

يبحث السؤال الأول دور قطاع الطاقة في تحفيز التعاون في مجال المياه المشتركة، في حين يبحث السؤال الثاني المخاطر والفرص الناتجة من التفاعل بين المناخ ومصادر الطاقة المتجددة في الأحواض المشتركة، أما السؤال الثالث فيركز على إدارة المياه الجوفية ويستكشف الفوائد التي يمكن أن تجلبها دراسة "الترابط بين الطاقة والمياه والزراعة" في إدارة المياه الجوفية المشتركة وبالأخص في المناطق التي تعاني من شح الموارد المائية، أما السؤال الرابع فيدور حول كيف يمكن للتخطيط الترابطي بين موارد الطاقة والمياه والزراعة أن يساهم في تسريع التحول الى قطاع زراعي منخفض الكربون.

يتم دراسة هذه الأسئلة البحثية في بيئتين جغرافيتين مختلفتين لكن متكاملتين؛ الأولى هي منطقة البلقان في جنوب شرق أوروبا، والتي تواجه مشكلات وفرة المياه والفيضانات، أما الثانية فهي منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا (MENA) والتي تعاني من ندرة المياه، وتمثل أحواض نهري "درينا" و "درين" خصائص المنطقة الأولى في جنوب شرق أوروبا، بينما يمثل نظام المياه الجوفية في شمال الصحراء الغربية (NWSAS) وحوض سوس-ماسة خصائص منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا، وللتنويه فإن ثلاثة من الأحواض المشتركة هي أحواض عابرة للحدود (درينا ودرين و NWSAS) بينما حوض سوس ماسة هو عبارة عن حوض محلي (يقع ضمن حدود المملكة المغربية).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 168
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2023:6
Keywords [en]
shared water management; WEF nexus; agriculture, water and energy systems; hydropower; climate change; groundwater.
Keywords [sv]
Delad vattenförvaltning; WEF-nexus; jordbruk, vatten och energisystem; vattenkraft; klimatförändring; grundvatten.
Keywords [ar]
إدارة المياه المشتركة ؛ الترابط بين الموارد المائية و الطاقة والغذاء؛ أنظمة الطاقة؛ الطاقة الكهرومائية؛ تغير المناخ؛ المياه الجوفية.
National Category
Energy Systems Environmental Management Energy Engineering Climate Science Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323670ISBN: 978-91-8040-486-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-323670DiVA, id: diva2:1735478
Public defence
2023-03-03, D2 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_tB4V1zv9SjqpgJc0OrO55Q, Lindstedtsvägen 5, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-02-10 Created: 2023-02-08 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Hydropower and Climate Change, insights from the Integrated Water-Energy modelling of the Drin Basin.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hydropower and Climate Change, insights from the Integrated Water-Energy modelling of the Drin Basin.
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The understanding of the transboundary impact of Climate Change on hydropower is not well-established in the literature, where few studies take a system perspective to understand the relative roles of different technological solutions for coordinated water and energy management. This study contributes to addressing this gap by introducing an open-source, long-term, technologically-detailed water and energy resources cost-minimisation model for the Drin River Basin, built in OSeMOSYS. 

The analysis shows that climate change results in a 15-52% annual decline in hydro generation from the basin by mid-century. Albania needs to triple its investments in solar and wind to mitigate the risk of climate change. Changing the operational rules of hydropower plants has a minor impact on the electricity supply. However, it can spare significant storage volume for flood control. 

Keywords
Hydropower, Climate Change, Water-Energy-Nexus, Transboundary water, Modelling.
National Category
Energy Systems Environmental Management
Research subject
Applied and Computational Mathematics, Optimization and Systems Theory; Energy Technology; Planning and Decision Analysis, Strategies for sustainable development
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323667 (URN)
Note

QC 20230208

Available from: 2023-02-08 Created: 2023-02-08 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
2. The role of energy-water nexus to motivate transboundary cooperation: An indicative analysis of the Drina river basin
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The role of energy-water nexus to motivate transboundary cooperation: An indicative analysis of the Drina river basin
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2018 (English)In: International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, E-ISSN 2246-2929, Vol. 18, p. 3-28Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Low-carbon hydropower is a key energy source for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7-sustainable energy for all. Meanwhile, the effects of hydropower development and its operation are complex-and potentially a source of tension on Transboundary Rivers. This paper explores solutions that consider both energy and water to motivate transboundary cooperation in the operation of hydropower plants (HPPs) in the Drina River Basin (DRB) in South-East Europe. Here the level of cooperation among the riparian countries is low. The Open Source energy Modeling System-OSeMOSYS was used to develop a multi-country model with a simplified hydrological system to represent the cascade of HPPs in the DRB; together with other electricity options, including among others: energy efficiency. Results show that improved cooperation can increase electricity generation in the HPPs downstream without compromising generation upstream. It also demonstrates the role of inexpensive hydropower to enhance electricity trade in the region. Implementing energy efficiency measures would reduce the generation from coal power plants, thereby mitigating CO 2 emissions by as much as 21% in 2030 compared to the 2015 levels. In summary, judicious HPP operation and electricity system development will help the Western Balkans reap significant gains.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Aalborg University press, 2018
Keywords
CLEWs, Drina river basin, Energy-water nexus, Hydropower, OSeMOSYS, Transboundary cooperation, Energy efficiency, Hydroelectric power, Hydroelectric power plants, Open systems, Watersheds, River basins, Trans-boundary, Rivers
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246993 (URN)10.5278/ijsepm.2018.18.2 (DOI)2-s2.0-85059455002 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190626

Available from: 2019-06-26 Created: 2019-06-26 Last updated: 2024-05-06Bibliographically approved
3. A GIS-Based Approach to Inform Agriculture-Water-Energy Nexus Planning in the North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A GIS-Based Approach to Inform Agriculture-Water-Energy Nexus Planning in the North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS)
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2020 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 12, no 17, article id 7043Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) is a vital groundwater source in a notably water-scarce region. However, impetuous agricultural expansion and poor resource management (e.g., over-irrigation, inefficient techniques) over the past decades have raised a number of challenges. In this exploratory study, we introduce an open access GIS-based model to help answer selected timely questions related to the agriculture, water and energy nexus in the region. First, the model uses spatial and tabular data to identify the location and extent of irrigated cropland. Then, it employs spatially explicit climatic datasets and mathematical formulation to estimate water and electricity requirements for groundwater irrigation in all identified locations. Finally, it evaluates selected supply options to meet the electricity demand and suggests the least-cost configuration in each location. Results indicate that full irrigation in the basin requires similar to 3.25 billion million m(3)per year. This translates to similar to 730 GWh of electricity. Fossil fuels do provide the least-cost electricity supply option due to lower capital and subsidized operating costs. Hence, to improve the competitiveness of renewable technologies (RT) (i.e., solar), a support scheme to drop the capital cost of RTs is critically needed. Finally, moving towards drip irrigation can lead to similar to 47% of water abstraction savings in the NWSAS area.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2020
Keywords
NWSAS, GIS, water, energy, agriculture, nexus
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283287 (URN)10.3390/su12177043 (DOI)000570336700001 ()2-s2.0-85090394716 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201006

Available from: 2020-10-06 Created: 2020-10-06 Last updated: 2023-02-08Bibliographically approved
4. From participatory process to robust decision-making: An Agriculture-water-energy nexus analysis for the Souss-Massa basin in Morocco
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From participatory process to robust decision-making: An Agriculture-water-energy nexus analysis for the Souss-Massa basin in Morocco
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2022 (English)In: Energy for Sustainable Development, ISSN 0973-0826, E-ISSN 2352-4669, Vol. 70, p. 314-338Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) framework is widely used to address sustainability and resource management questions. However, many WEF methods miss engaging with stakeholders in the process. In this study, we intro-duce a stakeholder-driven and model-supported robust nexus decision-making framework. This methodology is exemplified by a case study in the Souss-Massa basin (SMB) which has significant importance for the agricultural sector in Morocco. However, the water scarcity exacerbated by climate change, overexploitation of groundwater and heavy use of fossil fuels for pumping is threatening the future of this fertile land. An integrated agriculture, water and energy model was developed to explore various potential solutions or scenarios such as desalination, wastewater reuse and improved water productivity. The analysis revealed that engaging with stakeholders and developing common robust nexus decision metrics is essential to establishing a shared and transparent approach to address the complicated nexus challenges. It also showed that no one solution can address all nexus challenges and highlighted the need for an integrated strategy that stimulates the contributions from different sectors. Fi-nally, the transition from fossil fuel groundwater pumping to solar pumping is shown to be economically and en-vironmentally viable.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
WEF-Nexus, Integrated assessment, WEAP, GIS, SDGs
National Category
Environmental Sciences Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320294 (URN)10.1016/j.esd.2022.08.009 (DOI)000860992200002 ()2-s2.0-85135896505 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20221024

Available from: 2022-10-24 Created: 2022-10-24 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved

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