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Real time control of an active pendulum arm suspension system for a downscaled XT28 forwarder model
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM).
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM).
2023 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesisAlternative title
Realtidsreglering av ett aktivt pendelarms stötdämpare system för en nerskalad XT28 skotare modell (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

A forwarder named XT28 has been developed in joint collaboration between eXtractor AB, Skogforsk AB, KTH, Linköpings Unversity, Sveaskog, and Bosch Rexroth. The forwarder is equipped with six hydraulic active suspension pendulum arms. This allows for a lower impact on the soils in the forest but also increases the productivity and operation of the forwarder. Attempts have been done to find a controller design in order to control the pendulum arms effectively. Even though the pendulum arms have successfully been controlled using combinations of P- and PID controllers, these controllers have shown to not be effective enough for end use. Therefore there is still a need for a more appropriate controller. This is what this thesis work set out to solve using a real-life downscaled model of the XT28 forwarder. 

During this thesis work the pendulum arms of the downscaled XT28 forwarder model were redesigned in order to fit passive springs and accommodate load cell force sensors to the pendulum arms. This was done to reduce the stiffness of the chassis and allow for new controller design approaches. Four controllers were implemented during the project based on simplified vertical full-vehicle models, including two Offset-free Model Predictive controllers and two Linear Quadratic Controllers with integral action, with both load cell force- and piston rod position control of the linear actuators in the pendulum arms. The controllers were tested in real-time using a self-built test track with obstacles. A quantitative approach was used to minimize the roll- and pitch angle changes, and their derivatives, of the vehicle body and was compared between the implemented controllers when the forwarder drove through the test track in real time. Furthermore, the effect on controller performance by implementing springs and load cells in the system was also investigated. The results showed that it was possible to successfully implement the proposed controllers using simplified vertical full-vehicle models. The best-performing controllers, which were shown to be the Model Predictive controllers with load cell force- and piston rod position control performed the best with both the springs and load cells implemented. Further, the load cells showed to have a vital part in the success of all of the controllers. 

Abstract [sv]

En skotare vid namn XT28 har utvecklats utav eXtractor AB, Skogforsk AB, KTH, Linköpings Universitet, Sveaskog och Bosch Rexroth. Skotaren är utrustad med sex hydrauliska pendelarmar som används som dess fjädringssytem. Dessa pendelarmar förminskar påverkan på mark och jord i skogen och ökar även produktiviteten och styrbarheten av fordonet. Försök har gjorts för att hitta en regulator som kan styra pendelarmarna effektivt. Bland annat en kombinerad P- och PID regulator har lyckats styra pendelarmarna, men inte effektivt nog för att kunna användas i slutprodukten. Därför behövs fortfarande en effektiv regulator för att kunna styra dessa pendelarmar. Det här mastersarbetet har som mål att hitta en effektiv regulator med hjälp av en verklig nedskalad modell av XT28 skotaren.

Under detta mastersarbete så designades pendelarmarna om för att möjliggöra implementeringen av passiva fjädrar samt lastcell kraftsensorer i pendelarmarna på den nerskalade modellen. Detta gjordes för att minska styvheten av modellen men också för att tillåta nya tillvägagångssätt vid implementering av nya regulatorer. Fyra regulatorer implementerades under projektet baserade på simplifierade vertikala hela fordons modeller. Två av dessa var Modell Prediktiva regulatorer varav två var Linjär Kvadratiska regulatorer med både lastcells kraft- och kolvstång position reglering av de linjära aktuatorerna i pendelarmarna. Alla regulatorer testades i realtid med hjälp av en egentillverkad testbana med hinder. En kvantitativ metod användes för att jämföra hur effektivt de olika regulatorerna kunde minimera rull- och stigningsvinklarna, och dess derivator, av fordonet då det körde genom testbanan i realtid. Hur prestandan av regulatorerna påverkas av implementering av de passiva fjädrarna och lastcellerna undersöktes också. Resultaten av dessa tester visade att det gick att implementerade de förslagförda regulatorerna baserade på simplifierade modeller. Regulatorerna som visade sig ha bäst prestanda var de Modell-Prediktiva regulatorerna med både lastcell kraft- samt kolvstång position reglering då både de passiva fjädrarna och lastcellerna var implementerade. Det kunde även noteras att lastcellerna hade en vital del i hur alla regulatorer presterade.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2023. , p. 153
Series
TRITA-ITM-EX ; 2022:528
Keywords [en]
mechatronics, offset-free MPC, MPC, LQR, XT28, forwarder, pendulum arm, forestry
Keywords [sv]
mekatronik, offset-free MPC, MPC, LQR, XT28, skotare, pendelarm, skogsbruk
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323941OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-323941DiVA, id: diva2:1737414
External cooperation
KTH
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2023-02-16 Created: 2023-02-16 Last updated: 2023-02-16Bibliographically approved

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