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Towards Greener Industry: Modelling of Slag Heat Recovery
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering. Swerim AB, Proc Met Dept, Primary & Secondary Steelmaking Grp, SE-97437 Luleå, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4874-8483
SFTec Oy, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland.
SFTec Oy, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland.
Swerim AB, Proc Met Dept, Primary & Secondary Steelmaking Grp, SE-97437 Luleå, Sweden..
2021 (English)In: Metals, E-ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 11, no 7, article id 1144Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The steel industry, in accordance with the momentum of greener industry, has welcomed the changes and is actively pursuing that objective. One such activity is the commitment to energy recovery from by-products such as slag since the average energy content of ferrous slags is around 1 to 2 GJ/t(slag). The recovered energy could, then, be used in heating or drying process among others. The RecHeat was designed and modelled iteratively to achieve an optimised heat recovery apparatus. The model shows that the temperature of different sections of the heat exchanger part varies from 170 to 380 degrees C after slag pouring while the average air temperature at the entrance of the heat exchanger is less than 150 degrees C. Furthermore, the temperature of the fluid medium changes from 125-140 degrees C to 260-340 degrees C from one end of the heat exchanger part to the other at the end of the simulation. The outlet temperature at the end of the simulation is calculated to be around 340 degrees C, which shows an increase by at least 200 degrees C in the temperature of the air entering the apparatus.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG , 2021. Vol. 11, no 7, article id 1144
Keywords [en]
mathematical modelling, computational fluid dynamic, slag heat recovery, heat exchanger, drying, slag energy content, heat recovery technology, RecHeat
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324073DOI: 10.3390/met11071144ISI: 000676530600001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85110635339OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-324073DiVA, id: diva2:1737937
Note

QC 20230329

Available from: 2023-02-20 Created: 2023-02-20 Last updated: 2023-03-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Modelling Approaches of Multiphase Phenomena Focusing on an Integrated Steelmaking Route
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modelling Approaches of Multiphase Phenomena Focusing on an Integrated Steelmaking Route
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Improvements in numerical methods and developments of computer hardware brought attention to the modelling of metallurgical processes. This has been a critical step in understanding in-furnace conditions throughout the ironmaking and steelmaking process since it is, if not impossible, extremely difficult to conduct measurements during the process.

With the introduction of mathematical models, attention has been on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of each process to try to shed light on the furnaces’ interior operations. Moreover, most of these processes fall into the category of a multiphase system where different phases of material interact with each other. For example, in a blast furnace shaft, solid particles descend into the furnace while the blast pushes gas through the packed bed; during the desulphurization process, a powder material is injected into the hot metal by means of inert gas; in the ladle station, the steel cleanness is achieved by means of gas and/or induction stirring.

Each of these processes has been the focus of a number of studies where the processes have been modelled using different methods namely, fully Eulerian or Eulerian-Lagrangian methods mostly for solid-fluid systems and Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) or VOF-Lagrangian for liquid-liquid or liquid-gas systems. However, there have been fewer studies where the investigations focused on which of these methods is best fitted for a specific process and why. Thus, the current study has been trying to fill this gap to give an overview of the integrated steelmaking route modelling approaches with a focus on the usability of models in the frame of results and computational efforts for the industry.

This study goes through the integrated steelmaking route by looking at solid particles flow in the blast furnace, desulphurization of the hot metal produced by blast furnaces and the ladle refining process where a novel stirring strategy is introduced. Then, the focus turns on one of the most common by-products of the steelmaking process namely, the slag. This is due to the fact that the steelmaking slag contains a substantial amount of energy. However, there has been lesser effort in the utilization of such energy. The recent global greenhouse gas reduction initiative has brought significant attention to different aspects of steelmaking processes with respect to socio-economic development in combination with governmental policies. Hence, the study investigates the utilization of deposited energy within the steelmaking slag by means of a heat exchanger to answer the calls for a greener industry.

In the end, the current study recommended to use the Eulerian modelling approach to model solid-fluid interactions in a blast furnace and powder injection into a liquid bath in a sulphur refining station. Furthermore, it is suggested that it can be advantageous to use the Volume-of-Fluid modelling approach to model liquid-gas interactions during the ladle refining process. Finally, it is recommended to use the reduced single-phase model for the conjugate heat transfer mdoelling to predict the static liquid energy dissipation in a slag heat recovery station.

Abstract [sv]

Förbättringar av numeriska metoder och utveckling av datorhårdvara har möjliggjort modellering av metallurgiska processer. Detta har varit ett kritiskt steg för att förstå förhållanden i ugnen under hela järn- och ståltillverkningsprocesserna eftersom det är, om inte omöjligt, extremt svårt att utföra mätningar under processerna.

I och med introduktionen av matematiska modeller har man fokuserat på modelleringen av varje enskild process för att öka kunskapen om driften av processen. Dessutom så tillhör de flesta av dessa processer kategorin flerfassystem, där olika materialfaser samverkar med varandra. Till exempel, i ett masugnsschakt så sjunker fasta partiklar ner i ugnen medan den varma gasen stiger upp genom den packade bädden; under avsvavlingsprocessen injiceras ett pulvermaterial i smältan med hjälp av en inert gas; i skänkstationen uppnås stålets renhet med hjälp av gas- och/eller induktionsomrörning.

Var och en av dessa processer har varit fokus för ett antal studier där processerna har modellerats med användande av olika metoder, nämligen helt Eulerian eller Eulerian-Lagrangian metoder som främst använts för fast fas-fluid system och Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) eller VOF-Lagrangian metoder för vätske-vätske-system eller vätske-gas-system. Det har dock publicerats färre studier där undersökningarna fokuserat på vilken av dessa metoder som är bäst lämpad för en specifik process och orsakerna till detta. Således har den aktuella studien försökt fylla denna lucka genom att ge en överblick över de metoder som används för att modellera en integrerad ståltillverkningsprocess med fokus på användbarheten av modeller för applikationer i industrin.

Denna studie går igenom den integrerade ståltillverkningsvägen genom att titta på flödet av fasta partiklar i masugnen, avsvavling av järnsmältan som produceras i masugnar och skänkraffineringsprocessen där en ny omrörningsstrategi introduceras. Därefter så fokuserar avhandlingen på en av de vanligaste biprodukterna från ståltillverkningsprocessen, nämligen slaggen. Detta beror på att stålslagger innehåller en avsevärd energimängd och att endast få försök har gjorts att utnyttja denna energi. Det nyligen genomförda globala initiativet för att åstadkomma en minskning av växthusgaser har väckt stor uppmärksamhet gällande olika aspekter av ståltillverkningsprocesser med avseende på en socioekonomisk utveckling i kombination med statlig policier. Därför undersöker studien utnyttjandet av energin i ståltillverkningsslaggen med hjälp av en värmeväxlare för att svara upp mot kraven att skapa en grönare industri.

Resultaten av denna studie visar att det är mest fördelaktigt att använda Eulerian metoden för att modellera fast-vätskesystem i en masugn och pulverinjektion i en smälta i en svavelraffineringsstation. Dessutom är det fördelaktigt att använda Volume-of-Fluid metoden för att modellera vätske-gas-interaktioner som sker under skänkraffineringsprocessen. Slutligen rekommenderas det att använda den reducerade enfasmodellen för att beräkna den statiska smältenergiförlusten i en process för att återvinna värme från slagg.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 115
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2023:4
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324444 (URN)978-91-8040-473-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-03-24, Sefström / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61097515525, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-03-02 Created: 2023-03-01 Last updated: 2023-03-22Bibliographically approved

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Safavi Nick, Reza

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