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Direct numerical simulations of an airfoil undergoing dynamic stall at different background disturbance levels
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Turbulent simulations laboratory.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2460-578X
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Turbulent simulations laboratory.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3344-9686
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Turbulent simulations laboratory.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5913-5431
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Turbulent simulations laboratory.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7864-3071
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Thin airfoil dynamic stall at moderate Reynolds numbers is typically linked to the sudden bursting of a small laminar separation bubble close to the leading edge. Given the strong sensitivity of laminar separation bubbles to external disturbances, the onset of dynamic stall on a NACA0009 airfoil section subject to different levels of low-amplitude freestream disturbances is investigated using direct numerical simulations. For turbulence intensities at the leading edge of Tu = 0.02 %, the flow is practically indistinguishable from clean inflow simulations in literature. For Tu = 0.05 %, the bursting process is found to be considerably less smooth and strong coherent vortex shedding from the laminar separation bubble is observed prior to the formation of the dynamic stall vortex. The non-linear simulations are complemented with a transient linear stability analysis of the time-dependent evolution of the laminar shear layer in the bursting separation bubble using a spatially localised formulation of the Optimally Time-Dependent (OTD) framework, with which the most unstable part of the instantaneous tangent space of the non-linear trajectory is tracked over time. The resulting modes reveal intermittent switching between two regimes. Rapid growth of the Kelvin--Helmholtz rolls on the separated shear layer and complicated secondary instabilities on the transitional part of the separation bubble. The appearance of the latter is linked to large spikes in the instantaneous growth rate within the linear subspace and more rapid transition in the non-linear baseflow. These intense growth spikes are well correlated with the subsequent shedding of energetic vortices from the laminar separation bubble.

Keywords [en]
Linear stability, dynamic stall, unsteady aerodynamics, global modes, optimally time-dependent modes
National Category
Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326731OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-326731DiVA, id: diva2:1755847
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 694452-TRANSEP-ERC-2015-AdG
Note

QC 20230511

Available from: 2023-05-09 Created: 2023-05-09 Last updated: 2023-05-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Linear and non-linear dynamics of non-autonomous flows
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Linear and non-linear dynamics of non-autonomous flows
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Fluid flows subject to time-dependent external forces or boundary conditions are ubiquitous in biology and technical applications. Whether one considers birds flying by flapping their wings or the gust response of wind turbines, the flow is non-autonomous. This thesis investigates the influence of external time-dependence on the non-linear evolution of fluid flows, as well as on the linear response to small disturbances that determines their stability. 

    For the analysis of the time-periodic pulsatile flow through toroidal pipes, an iterative fixed-point solver in frequency space is developed and validated to obtain the baseflows. The method is used to explore the effect of pulsations on the flow through tori with relevant curvatures. Using the Floquet framework, the linear stability of the flow close to criticality is investigated, revealing strong sensitivity to pulsations that are mostly stabilising.

    Considering the local stability of pulsating plane Poiseuille flow, the eigenpairs of the linear operator are tracked over time producing subharmonic eigenvalue orbits. Their appearance is traced to spectral degeneracies of the operator, leading to the transition of the harmonic disturbance between eigenvalue trajectories involving non-modal growth bursts. The same flow case is then used to assess the potential of the optimally time-dependent (OTD) framework for transient linear stability analysis of flows with arbitrary time-dependence using a localised linear/non-linear implementation aimed at open flows.

    This framework is then used to track the linear stability of laminar separation bubbles on pitching wing sections. On a natural laminar flow airfoil, the global mode corresponding to an absolute local instability is identified at the rear of the bubble, causing its breakdown to turbulence. In the case of an airfoil undergoing dynamic stall, the OTD modes reveal the main instability on the shear layer of the bubble as well as growth bursts correlated with vortex shedding.

    The influence of low-amplitude free-stream disturbances on the onset of dynamic stall is investigated and the onset of intermittent vortex shedding during the bubble bursting is documented. The repeated appearance of the phenomenon in a set of flow realisations confirmed its statistical relevance. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition framework is extended to include time. This allows for the objective extraction of transient structures from data.

Abstract [sv]

Flöden som är föremål för tidsberoende yttre krafter eller randvillkor är vanligt förekommande inom biologi och tekniska tillämpningar. Oavsett om man tittar på fåglar som flyger genom att flaxa med vingarna eller vindturbiners respons på en vindil, så är flödet icke-autonomt. Denna avhandling undersöker inflytandet av externt tidsberoende på den icke-linjära flödesutvecklingen, liksom på den linjära responsen på små störningar som bestämmer dess stabilitet.

    För analysen av tids-periodiska pulserande flöden genom toroidala rör utvecklas och valideras en iterativ fixpunktlösare i frekvensrummet för att beräkna basflödena. Metoden används för att utforska effekten av pulsationer på flödet genom rör med relevanta krökningar. Genom att använda Floquet-ramverket undersöks flödets linjära stabilitet nära de kritiska parametervärden som visar en stark känslighet för pulsationer som främst är stabiliserande. 

    I den lokala stabiliteten av pulserande plan Poiseuille strömning följs egenvärden hos den linjära operatorn över tiden där subharmoniska egenvärdes-trajektorier uppstår. Deras ursprung spåras till spektrala degenereringar av operatorn, vilket leder till övergångar av den harmoniska störningen mellan egenvärdestrajektorierna som involverar icke-modal tillväxt. Samma strömings-fallet används sedan för att bedöma potentialen hos optimalt tidsberoende (OTD) ramverket för transient linjär stabilitetsanalys av flöden med godtyckligt tidsberoende med hjälp av en lokaliserad linjär/icke-linjär implementation anpassad till öppna flöden.

    Detta ramverk används sedan för att följa den linjära stabiliteten hos laminära separationsbubblor på oscilerande vingar. På en vingprofil identifieras den globala moden som motsvarar en absolut lokal instabilitet vid bubblans ände, vilket orsakar dess sammanbrott till turbulens. I en annan vinge som genomgår dynamisk stall avslöjar OTD-moderna den viktigaste skärskiktsinstabiliteten i bubblan samt tillväxt som korrelerar med virvelavlösning.

    Inflytandet av låg fri-strömsturbulens på starten på dynamisk stall undersöks och uppträdandet av intermitent virvelavlösning under bubblans sammanbrott dokumenteras. Den upprepade förekomsten av fenomenet i olika simuleringar av samma flödesfall bekräftar dess statistiska relevans. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition utökas genom att inkludera tiden. Analysen möjliggör att extrahera transienta strukturer från data på ett objektivt sätt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 105
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:22
Keywords
Time-dependent flows, linear stability, non-linear dynamics, Floquet analysis, optimally time-dependent modes
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326740 (URN)978-91-8040-574-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-02, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 694452-TRANSEP-ERC-2015-AdG
Note

QC 230510

Available from: 2023-05-10 Created: 2023-05-10 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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Kern, J. SimonNegi, PrabalHanifi, ArdeshirHenningson, Dan S.

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