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Spatiotemporal variations in ambulance demand: towards equitable emergency services in Sweden
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8958-107X
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE). (STF)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5302-1698
2023 (English)In: Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, ISSN 0435-3684, E-ISSN 1468-0467, p. 1-21Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations in ambulancedemand in southern Sweden, and how land use factors andsociodemographic factors are associated with variations in demand. Astandardized ambulance demand ratio (SADR) indicating whether therisk of requiring an ambulance exceeded the expected was calculatedusing ambulance dispatch data in southern Sweden in 2018. Spatialanalysis using a geographic information system (GIS) and spatialstatistical methods underlie the methodology. Findings show thatalthough rural areas are associated with a higher risk of requiring anambulance (especially in daytime), this risk may be obscured by themore numerous dispatches occurring in urban areas. The increased riskin areas with bars and nightclubs, schools, industrial areas or roadcrossings reflects temporal variations in people’s routine activities. Bydictating how and when population’s reshuffle, land use factors canhelp explain variations in risk for requiring an ambulance. Confirmingprevious research, areas with a higher share of older adults areassociated with a higher ambulance demand while areas with a highmedian income are associated with lower demand. Population size maybe an inadequate indicator of ambulance demand. Planning shouldaccount for daily changes in population sizes and compositions as thisimpacts ambulance demand.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge , 2023. p. 1-21
Keywords [en]
Emergency services, ambulance demand, spatiotemporal analysis, urban–rural disparities
National Category
Social Sciences
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326753DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2023.2208591ISI: 000982980500001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85158092610OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-326753DiVA, id: diva2:1755960
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-00332
Note

QC 20230511

Available from: 2023-05-09 Created: 2023-05-09 Last updated: 2024-01-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Where are the people in emergency service planning?: Assessing the geography and equity of access to emergency services in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Where are the people in emergency service planning?: Assessing the geography and equity of access to emergency services in Sweden
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Providing high-quality health care to everyone who needs it is a central objective of the Swedish healthcare system. One way in which this goal is broadly pursued is by allocating resources that maximize the geographical coverage of ambulances, aimed at reducing ambulance respons times as much as possible, for as many as possible. However, emergencies tend to be concentrated in space and time and some groups are more likely to require acute health care, implying that supply needs to be tailored to patient demand. This thesis aims to assess spatial and sociodemographic disparities in access to, and demand for, emergency services in Sweden, with a particular focus on emergency health care (EHC) services. It problematizes how supply and demand are measured, and the consequences this may have for the equitability of access to resources and efficient emergency response. Findings indicate that there currently exist spatial and sociodemographic disparities in access to EHC services in Sweden. The risk of requiring an ambulance is shown to be higher for individuals living in rural areas and for older adults in particular. Concomitantly, these groups have particularly poor levels of accessibility. The findings also indicate that the way that demand and accessibility is measured produce different spatial (and temporal) patterns and that commonly employed indicators of performance in policy (population sizes and response times) are shown to be overestimated and underestimated to varying degrees at certain times and in certain places. Such information is important to convey to planners, as inaccurate estimates may entail that planners have poor knowledge on which to base decisions related to resource allocation, which could in turn affect some places and groups negatively. The thesis highlights that currently employed policy goals may inadvertently entail unexpected inequities in terms of varying levels of accessibility to EHC, where resources are not directed towards the places and groups that need them the most. This opens up a discussion of how quantitative measures that underpin planning are always based on certain conceptualizations over other possible conceptualizations. Ultimately, this thesis may contribute to facilitating the planning of more equitable emergency services.

Abstract [sv]

En central målsättning för svensk vård är att den ska vara tillgänglig för alla oavsett var eller när det behövs, och vem som behöver det. Ett sätt att nå detta mål är att se till att så många som möjligt kan nås av en ambulans inom en rimlig tid. Akuta situationer är dock inte jämt fördelade över landet, över dygnet eller mellan olika grupper i populationen. För att resurser ska vara tillgängliga för de som behöver dem måste sådana skillnader belysas när vårdens resurser fördelas. Målet med arbetet som redovisas i denna avhandling var att undersöka skillnader vad gäller tillgång och efterfrågan för blåljustjänster, med specifikt fokus på akutvården. Resultaten indikerar att landsbygdsområden och områden med hög andel äldre befolkning tenderar att ha sämre tillgång till akutvård. Samtidigt visar resultaten att befolkningen i dessa områden löper högre risk att behöva en ambulans. Avhandlingen problematiserar hur sättet som tillgång och efterfrågan mäts på kan generera olika rumsliga (och temporala) mönster som beslutsfattare utgår ifrån när de tar beslut om hur resurser ska fördelas mellan platser och grupper. Arbetet som redovisas här visar hur vanligt förekommande modellerade indikatorer inom planering – så som populationsmängder och responstider – tenderar att över- eller underestimera jämfört med uppmätta mått i verkligheten på vissa platser, vid vissa tidpunkter. Sådan information är viktig att förmedla till planerare och beslutsfattare eftersom otillförlitliga estimeringar utgör dåligt kunskapsunderlag för att ta beslut om hur resurser ska fördelas i tid och rum, vilket i förlängningen kan leda till att vissa grupper och platser missgynnas i planeringen. Den här avhandlingen visar hur de policymål som är i bruk idag riskerar att öka ojämlikhet vad gäller skillnader i tillgänglighet till akutvård. Detta öppnar upp för en diskussion om hur de kvantitativa mått som ligger till grund för planering alltid är baserade på specifika konceptualiseringar och problemformuleringar. Resultaten kan i förlängningen bidra till planering av mer jämlika och effektiva blåljustjänster i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 147
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2355
Keywords
emergency services, spatial analysis, equity, accessibility, blåljustjänster, rumslig analys, jämlikhet, tillgänglighet
National Category
Social and Economic Geography Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-342001 (URN)978-91-8040-802-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-02, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61168009140, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Blue Light in Green Surroundings: Challenges and Opportunities for Emergency and Rescue Services in Sweden
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-01424Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
Note

QC 20240110

Available from: 2024-01-10 Created: 2024-01-09 Last updated: 2024-01-15Bibliographically approved

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Hassler, JacobCeccato, Vania

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