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Predicting the wall-shear stress and wall pressure through convolutional neural networks
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Turbulent simulations laboratory.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8589-1572
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. Lehrstuhls für Strömungsmechanik (LSTM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9627-5903
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5211-6388
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The objective of this study is to assess the capability of convolution-based neural networks to predict wall quantities in a turbulent open channel flow. The first tests are performed by training a fully-convolutional network (FCN) to predict the 2D velocity-fluctuation fields at the inner-scaled wall-normal location y+ target, using the sampled velocity fluctuations in wall-parallel planes located farther from the wall, at y+ input. The predictions from the FCN are compared against the predictions from a proposed R-Net architecture. Since the R-Net model is found to perform better than the FCN model, the former architecture is optimized to predict the 2D streamwise and spanwise wall-shear-stress components and the wall pressure from the sampled velocity-fluctuation fields farther from the wall. The dataset is obtained from DNS of open channel flow at Reτ=180 and 550. The turbulent velocity-fluctuation fields are sampled at various inner-scaled wall-normal locations, along with the wall-shear stress and the wall pressure. At Reτ=550, both FCN and R-Net can take advantage of the self-similarity in the logarithmic region of the flow and predict the velocity-fluctuation fields at y+=50 using the velocity-fluctuation fields at y+=100 as input with about 10% error in prediction of streamwise-fluctuations intensity. Further, the R-Net is also able to predict the wall-shear-stress and wall-pressure fields using the velocity-fluctuation fields at y+=50 with around 10% error in the intensity of the corresponding fluctuations at both Reτ=180 and 550. These results are an encouraging starting point to develop neural-network-based approaches for modelling turbulence near the wall in large-eddy simulations. 

Keywords [en]
Turbulent channel flow, wall-shear stress, deep learning, fully-convolutional network, self-similarity
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326918OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-326918DiVA, id: diva2:1756867
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish e‐Science Research CenterEU, European Research Council, 2021-CoG-101043998, DEEPCONTROL
Note

QC 20230517

Available from: 2023-05-15 Created: 2023-05-15 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Time, space and control: deep-learning applications to turbulent flows
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Time, space and control: deep-learning applications to turbulent flows
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Tid, rum och kontroll: djupinlärningsapplikationer för turbulenta flöden
Abstract [en]

In the present thesis, the application of deep learning and deep reinforcement learning to turbulent-flow simulations is investigated. Deep-learning models are trained to perform temporal and spatial predictions, while deep reinforcement learning is applied to a flow-control problem, namely the reduction of drag in an open channel flow. Long short-term memory (LSTM, Hochreiter & Schmidhuber 1997) networks and Koopman non-linear forcing (KNF) models are optimized to perform temporal predictions in two reduced-order-models of turbulence, namely the nine-equations model proposed by Moehlis et al. (2004) and a truncated proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of a minimal channel flow (Jiménez & Moin 1991). In the first application, both models are able to produce accurate short-term predictions. Furthermore, the predicted system trajectories are statistically correct. KNF models outperform LSTM networks in short-term predictions, with a much lower training computational cost. In the second task, only LSTMs can be trained successfully, predicting trajectories that are statistically accurate. Spatial predictions are performed in two turbulent flows: an open channel flow and a boundary-layer flow. Fully-convolutional networks (FCNs) are used to predict two-dimensional velocity-fluctuation fields at a given wall-normal location using wall measurements (and vice versa). Thanks to the non-linear nature of these models, they provide a better reconstruction performance than optimal linear methods like extended POD (Borée 2003). Finally, we show the potential of deep reinforcement learning in discovering new control strategies for turbulent flows. By framing the fluid-dynamics problem as a multi-agent reinforcement-learning environment and by training the agents using a location-invariant deep deterministic policy-gradient (DDPG) algorithm, we are able to learn a control strategy that achieves a remarkable 30% drag reduction, improving over existing strategies by about 10 percentage points.

Abstract [sv]

I den förinställda avhandlingen undersöks tillämpningen av djupinlärning och djupförstärkningsinlärning på turbulenta flödessimuleringar. Modeller för djupinlärning tränas för att utföra tids- och rumsförutsägelser, medan djupförstärkningsinlärning tillämpas på ett flödeskontrollproblem, nämligen minskningen av motståndet i ett öppet kanalflöde. Long short-term memory (LSTM, Hochreiter & Schmidhuber 1997) nätverk och Koopman non-linear forcing (KNF) modeller optimeras för att utföratidsförutsägelser i två turbulensmodeller med reducerad ordning, nämligen nio-ekvationsmodellen som föreslagits av Moehlis et al. (2004) och en trunkerad proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) av ett minimalt kanalflöde (Jiménez & Moin 1991). I den första applikationen kan båda modellerna producera korrekta korttidsförutsägelser, dessutom är de förutsagda trajektorierna statistiskt korrekta. KNF-modeller överträffar LSTM-nätverk i kortsiktiga förutsägelser, med en mycket lägre utbildningsberäkningskostnad. I den andra uppgiften kan endast LSTM nätverken tränas framgångsrikt, med trajektorier som är statistiskt korrekta. Spatiala förutsägelser utförs i två turbulenta flöden, en öppen kanal flöde och en gränsskikt. Fully-convolutional networks (FCN) används för att förutsäga tvådimensionella hastighetsfluktuationsfält vid givet avstånd från väggen med hjälp av väggmätningar (och vice versa). Tack vare deras icke-linjär karaktär ger dessa modeller bättre rekonstruktionsprestanda än optimala linjära metoder som extended POD (Borée 2003). Slutligen visar vi potentialen med djup förstärkningsinlärning för att upptäcka nya kontrollstrategier i turbulenta flöden. Genom att inrama strömningsmekaniska problemet som en förstärknings-inlärningsmiljö med flera agenter och genom att träna agenterna med hjälp av en positionsinvariant deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algoritm, kan vi lära oss en kontrollstrategi som uppnår en anmärkningsvärd 30% minskning av luftmotståndet, vilket jämfört med existerande strategier är en förbättring med cirka 10 procentenheter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 342
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:27
Keywords
turbulence, deep learning, deep reinforcement learning, flow control, turbulens, djupinlärning, djupförstärkningsinlärning, flödeskontroll
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326961 (URN)978-91-8040-601-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-12, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 2021-CoG-101043998, DEEPCONTROLSwedish e‐Science Research CenterKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 230516

Available from: 2023-05-16 Created: 2023-05-15 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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Geetha Balasubramanian, ArivazhaganGuastoni, LucaSchlatter, PhilippAzizpour, HosseinVinuesa, Ricardo

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