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A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Study Hydrogen Embrittlement in High Strength Martensitic Steels
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0009-0008-9913-3300
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

High strength steels that are subjected to hydrogen experience embrittlement where the mechanical properties are reduced, and premature failure of components may occur. Although the phenomenon has been recognized for over 150 years, it is not clear what drives embrittlement. The goal of this thesis has been to investigate hydrogen embrittlement in high strength martensitic steels by fracture toughness testing. Since a well-recognized standard to test a materials susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement is missing, the first step has been to develop an experimental-numerical method that produces reproducible results that can be transferred from laboratory to in-service components, which is presented in Paper I. Here it is seen that the environmentally driven ductile-to-brittle transition region in elastic-plastic fracture toughness depends on the hydrogen exposure time. The presented numerical evaluation approach removes the need to perform unloadings, and the results correlates well with standards. The proposed method is then applied to two different application areas presented in Paper II and Paper IV. In Paper II the proposed experimental method is utilized to develop a framework that can be used to study hydrogen kinetics ahead of a crack frontduring in-situ conditions for delayed hydrogen cracking using neutron imaging. In Paper IV, the experimental method is applied to specimens with different crack tip constraints to mitigate the gap between laboratory experiments and in-service components. It is seen that the environmentally driven ductile-to-brittle transition region is obtained for specimens with different constraints, and that both the plastic strains as well as the hydrostatic stress play a critical role in hydrogen embrittlement. The results from Paper I are used as the basis for the numerical framework presented in Paper III. Here, a conceptual modeling approach is adopted that incorporates two separate failure mechanisms observed in the experiments performed in Paper I. It is seen that both a ductile and brittle failure mechanism must be employed to capture the full range of crack extension resistance curves. Furthermore, to capture the slope of the degraded J-R curves, it is necessary to employ a degradation of fracture energy, the cohesive strength as well as the strain driven nucleation.

Abstract [sv]

Höghållfasta stål som utsätts väte upplever en försprödning där de mekaniska egenskaperna försämras som i sin tur kan leda till att komponenter går sönder långt innan dess livstid. Även om fenomenet har varit känt i över 150 år så är det inte klart vad som driver försprödningen.Målet med denna avhandling har varit att öka förståelsen för väteförsprödning i höghållfastamartensitiska stål. Eftersom en etablerad standard för provning på material som är känsliga för väteförsprödning saknas, har det första steget i avhandlingen varit att utveckla en experimentell numerisk metodik som ger reproducerbara resultat som i sin tur kan överföras från experiment gjorde i ett laboratorium till komponenter i drift. Förslag på ett första steg till denna metodik presenteras i Artikel I. Där observeras att det miljödrivna duktila-till-spröda övergångsområdetför den elastiskt-plastiska brottseghet erhålls för olika väteexponeringstider. Den föreslagn anumeriska utvärderingsmetoden gör det möjligt att eliminera behovet av att utföra avlastningarunder experimentets gång. Resultaten från denna metod korrelerar väl med standarder. Den föreslagna metoden appliceras sedan på två olika tillämpningsområden som presenteras iArtikel II och Artikel IV. I Artikel II används metoden för att utveckla ett ramverk som kan användas för att studera vätekinetiken framför en sprickspets under in-situ förhållanden vid fördröjd vätesprickning med neutronavbildning. I Artikel IV tillämpas den experimentella metoden på prover med olika crack tip constraints för att minska gapet för överförandet avresultat mellan laboratorieexperiment och komponenter i drift. I artikeln framgår det att den miljödrivna duktila-till-spröda övergångsregionen erhålls för samtliga provstavsgeometrier, samt att både de plastiska töjningarna och den hydrostatiska spänningen spelar en kritisk roll för väteförsprödning. Resultaten från Artikel I används sedan som grund för det numeriska modell som presenteras i Artikel III. Här presenteras en konceptuell modelleringsmetodik som innefattar två separata brottmekanismer som observerades i experimenten som presenteras i Artikel I. För att fånga upp hela spektrumet av J-R kurvor måste både en duktil och en sprödbrottmekanism användas. Dessutom för att fånga lutningen av de nedbrutna J-R-kurvorna, är det nödvändigt att använda en degradering av sprickenergi, kohesionsstyrkan såväl som den töjningsdrivna kärnbildningen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023.
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:28
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Research subject
Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326930ISBN: 978-91-8040-607-9 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-326930DiVA, id: diva2:1756987
Public defence
2023-06-09, Sal D2, Lindstedtsvägen 9, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 230516

Available from: 2023-05-16 Created: 2023-05-15 Last updated: 2023-06-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. An experimental-numerical screening method for assessing environmentally assisted degradation in high strength steels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An experimental-numerical screening method for assessing environmentally assisted degradation in high strength steels
2021 (English)In: Engineering Fracture Mechanics, ISSN 0013-7944, E-ISSN 1873-7315, Vol. 245, article id 107572Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this work, an experimental-numerical screening method for studying the elastic-plastic properties in high strength steel subjected to environmentally assisted degradation due to hydrogen is proposed. The experiments were performed on single-edge-notch bend specimens loaded with a monotonic constant displacement rate, and the specimens were electrochemically hydrogen pre-charged and/or in-situ. A systematic investigation was conducted of the influence of current density, pre-charging time and loading rate on the fracture mechanical properties. It was found that the loading rate had the greatest effect on the J-R curves, and that the environmental ductile-to-brittle transition region was obtained in a less than a day of experimental time. In this transition region it was found from the fractography that the dominating mode of failure changed from dimple to dominating intergranular fracture.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
Environmentally assisted degradation, Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, Lath Martensite, Electrochemical hydrogen charging, Fractography
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293002 (URN)10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.107572 (DOI)000633033200008 ()2-s2.0-85101139978 (Scopus ID)
Funder
VinnovaSwedish Energy AgencySwedish Research Council Formas
Note

QC 20210420

Available from: 2021-04-20 Created: 2021-04-20 Last updated: 2023-05-17Bibliographically approved
2. In-situ neutron imaging of delayed hydrogen cracking in highstrength steel - experiments and modeling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>In-situ neutron imaging of delayed hydrogen cracking in highstrength steel - experiments and modeling
Show others...
(English)In: Article, book review (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Hydrogen delayed fracture, also known as hydrogen-induced cracking, is a type of brittle fracture that occurs due to the slow diffusion and accumulation of hydrogen atoms, leading todecreased ductility and eventual cracking under constant load. This paper presents an in-situobservation, using neutron imaging, of delayed crack propagation caused by hydrogen embrittlement in a high strength martensitic steel specimen. The experiments involved mechanicalloading of a single-edge-notch bend specimen while submerged in an electrolyte solution (H2O+ 3.5% NaCl) under cathodic polarization to facilitate hydrogen ingress. Neutron transmission images were obtained in-situ and used to monitor intermittent crack propagation wasrecorded over a period of 12 hours. The stress state at each crack configuration was extracted from a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element simulation, which was tailoredto match the quantitative information acquired from the neutron radiographs of the fractureprocess. To gain insight into the evolution of hydrogen concentration with crack propagation,a modeling scheme for stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion was employed. These simulationsprovided qualitative information on the relation between intermittent crack propagation andthe subsequent supply of hydrogen to the crack tip. Finally, a failure locus was constructedbased on the calculated hydrogen concentration levels and the experimentally determinedcrack growth resistance.

National Category
Other Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326926 (URN)
Note

QC 20230516

Available from: 2023-05-15 Created: 2023-05-15 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved
3. A conceptual modeling approach for investigating multiple failure mechanisms in the environmentally driven ductile-to-brittle transition region
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A conceptual modeling approach for investigating multiple failure mechanisms in the environmentally driven ductile-to-brittle transition region
Show others...
(English)In: Article, book review (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

A continuum modeling approach that considers two separate failure mechanisms of steels subjected to hydrogen embrittlement is proposed based on experimental observations. The brittle failure is modeled using a cohesive zone approach, where both the cohesive strength and the fracture energy are degraded when exposed to hydrogen. The ductile failure is modeled using the Gurson model that includes a strain driven nucleation of void. Here, the nucleation model also incorporates hydrogen degradation where an increase in hydrogen is assumed to increase the volume of nucleated voids. This modeling approach is divided into two parts where the first step is to utilize a conceptual degradation of both failure modes and calibrate modeling parameters, and the second part incorporates a coupled diffusion-mechanical approach.

National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326928 (URN)
Note

QC 20230516

Available from: 2023-05-15 Created: 2023-05-15 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved
4. An experimental fracture mechanics study of the combined effect of hydrogen embrittlement and loss of constraint
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An experimental fracture mechanics study of the combined effect of hydrogen embrittlement and loss of constraint
(English)In: Article, book review (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

This work presents a systematic investigation of the combined effect of hydrogen embrittlement and loss of constraint. The fracture mechanics experiments are performed on an advanced martensitic high strength steel using a single-edge-notch bend specimen, with different crack over height ratio, subjected to electrochemical in-situ hydrogen charging at various loading rates. It is found that the environmentally driven ductile-to-brittle transition region in fracture toughness is obtained for both the high and low constraint specimen configurations. This region is characterized by a change from transgranular dimple rupture to an intergranular mode of fracture. The transition region for the low constraint specimen is shifted towards longer hydrogen exposure times, which is an effect of the reduced hydrostatic stress ahead of the crack front compared to the high constraint specimen. The low constraint specimen exhibits significant plastic straining, which is reflected in a significant decrease in the fracture toughness due to hydrogen transgranular assisted dimple rupture. 

National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326929 (URN)
Note

QC 20230516

Available from: 2023-05-15 Created: 2023-05-15 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved

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