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Long run apartment price dynamics in Swedish and German cities
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Real Estate and Construction Management, Real Estate Economics and Finance.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9768-8539
2021 (English)In: Journal of European Real Estate Research, ISSN 1753-9269, E-ISSN 1753-9277, Vol. 14, no 3, p. 309-330Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: This study examines the long term effects of macroeconomic fundamentals on apartment price dynamics in major metropolitan areas in Sweden and Germany. Design/methodology/approach: The main approach is panel cointegration analysis that allows to overcome certain data restrictions such as spatial heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence, and non-stationary, but cointegrated data. The Swedish dataset includes three cities over a period of 23 years, while the German dataset includes seven cities for 29 years. Analysis of apartment price dynamics include population, disposable income, mortgage interest rate, and apartment stock as underlying macroeconomic variables in the model. Findings: The empirical results indicate that apartment prices react more strongly on changes in fundamental factors in major Swedish cities than in German ones despite quite similar development of these macroeconomic variables in the long run in both countries. On one hand, overreactions in apartment price dynamics might be considered as the evidence of the price bubble building in Sweden. On the other hand, these two countries differ in institutional arrangements of the housing markets, and these differences might contribute to the size of apartment price elasticities from changes in fundamentals. These arrangements include various banking sector policies, such as mortgage financing and valuation approaches, as well as different government regulations of the housing market as, for example, rent control. Originality/value: In distinction to the previous studies carried out on Swedish and German data for single-family houses, this study focuses on the apartment segment of the market and examines apartment price elasticities from a long term perspective. In addition, the results from this study highlight the differences between the two countries at the city level in an integrated long run equilibrium framework.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2021. Vol. 14, no 3, p. 309-330
Keywords [en]
Panel cointegration, Dynamic OLS, Housing market, Price determinants, Macroeconomy
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Real Estate and Construction Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-327131DOI: 10.1108/jerer-03-2020-0020ISI: 000683485300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85112641404OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-327131DiVA, id: diva2:1757980
Note

QC 20230525

Available from: 2023-05-19 Created: 2023-05-19 Last updated: 2023-06-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Housing Market Dynamics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Housing Market Dynamics
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Bostadsmarknadens dynamik
Abstract [en]

The dynamics of housing markets constitute a complex phenomenon. The body of research is vast and includes thousands of studies done on the national and international level. Empirical evidence indicates that housing markets differ in local institutional arrangements and that these might affect the ways they develop over time. To analyze housing market dynamics in various institutional environments and to increase our understanding of them is the main objective of this thesis.

The scope of research includes analysis of relevant theories and empirical models that might explain development of house prices over the long run. Given that prices affect housing construction, this thesis also aims to deepen understanding of the impact of the relationship between new construction and underlying fundamentals, together with various institutional arrangements that might differ between countries. In particular, they include bank lending policies, valuation methods for mortgage purposes, different regulatory measures like rent control, as well as land and building policies.

The Swedish apartment market was chosen for empirical analysis. The analysis is carried out by a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology and applies several research methods, such as systematic literature review, and panel data analysis with application of advanced econometric techniques like Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed and Random Effects and Seemingly Unrelated Regressions. Four studies are carried out using these methodologies.

The results indicate that the interest rate, disposable income and population growth seem to be major determinants of house prices according to studies found in the empirical literature (Paper 1). The study also classifies house price determinants in relation to the size of their elasticities. However, fundamental factors cannot always provide an explanation for the deviations in house price dynamics in different countries, whereas the institutional environment might do so (Paper 2). The analysis demonstrates that land prices and building policies, along with a number of market fundamentals, affect the average size of an apartment in new residential construction (Paper 3). In the presence of rent control, the rent or price level does not contribute by adding new units to the total housing stock. In addition, the displacement effect occurs primarily in the market’s rental sector and not in the tenant-owned apartments segment (Paper 4).

This research contributes to a better understanding of housing markets dynamics and suggests policy implications that might reduce the risks for housing bubbles and improve the socio-economic development of the society over the long run.

Abstract [sv]

Bostadsmarknadens dynamik är ett komplext fenomen. Forskningen är enorm och omfattar tusentals studier gjorda på nationell och internationell nivå. Empiriska studier tyder på att bostadsmarknaderna skiljer sig åt i lokala institutionella arrangemang och det kan påverka hur de utvecklas över tiden. Att analysera bostadsmarknadens dynamik i olika institutionella miljöer och att öka vår förståelse om den är huvudsyftet med denna avhandling.

Forskningsfokus ligger på analys av relevanta teorier och empiriska modeller som kan förklara utvecklingen av huspriser på lång sikt. Med tanke på att priserna påverkar bostadsbyggandet är fokus också på att förstå effekterna av sambandet mellan nybyggnation och underliggande fundamentala faktorer tillsammans med olika institutionella arrangemang som kan skilja sig åt mellan länder. De inkluderar banklånepolitik, värderingsmetoder, olika regleringar som hyresreglering, restriktioner av mark- och nybyggnation.

Den svenska bostadsmarknaden valdes för tillämpad analys. Analysen utförs med kombinationen av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metodik och tillämpar flera forskningsmetoder som systematisk litteraturgenomgång och paneldataanalys med tillämpning av avancerade ekonometriska tekniker som Dynamisk Minsta Kvadratmetod (Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares), Fixa- och Slumpmässiga Effekter (Fixed and Random Effects) and Skenbart Orelaterade Regressioner (Seemingly Unrelated Regressions). Fyra studier genomförs med dessa metoder.

Resultaten från empirisk litteratur tyder på att ränta, disponibel inkomst och befolkningstillväxt verkar vara avgörande faktorer för bostadsprisutveckling (Artikel 1). Studien klassificerar fundamentala faktorer i förhållande till storleken på deras elasticitet. De grundläggande faktorerna kan dock inte alltid ge en förklaring till avvikelserna i bostadsprisdynamiken i olika länder, men institutionell miljö kan göra det (Artikel 2). Analysen visar att restriktioner av markpriser och nybyggnation, tillsammans med ett antal grundläggande faktorer, påverkar den genomsnittliga storleken på lägenhet i nybyggnation (Artikel 3). Hyres och prisnivån på bostadsmarknaden med hyresregleringen bidrar inte till utvecklingen av det totala bostadsbeståndet. Undanträngningseffekten uppstår främst i marknadens hyressektor men inte i bostadsrättssegmentet (Artikel 4).

Denna forskning bidrar till en bättre förståelse av bostadsmarknadernas dynamik och föreslår politiska åtgärder som kan minska riskerna för bostadsbubblor och förbättra den socioekonomiska utvecklingen på lång sikt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 30
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2331
Keywords
House prices, new construction, institutional environments, Swedish apartment market, Huspriser, nybyggnation, institutionell miljö, Svenska bostadsmarknaden
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Real Estate and Construction Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-327148 (URN)978-91-8040-611-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-12, E3, Osquars backe 2, KTH Campus, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63403450921, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC230522

Available from: 2023-05-22 Created: 2023-05-21 Last updated: 2023-05-26Bibliographically approved

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