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Assessment of shear and energy‐absorption capacity of reinforced concrete elements under impulsive loads
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures.
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Impulsive loads have been observed to cause brittle shear failure in reinforced concrete elements designed for ductile failure modes under static loads. Brittle failure modes exhibit poorer energy absorption capabilities compared to ductile flexural failure modes due to their limited deformation capacity, leading to premature failure. The discrepancy between the responses under static and extreme dynamic loads arises from inertia and wave propagation effects, which tend to increase as the load duration decreases relative to the fundamental period of the element.

 

This thesis investigated the occurrence of shear failures in reinforced concrete elements subjected to impulsive loads, both experimentally and numerically, and evaluated to what extent current analysis methods for impulse-loaded structures can predict shear failure. Furthermore, the study examined the influence of crucial parameters on the energy absorption capacity during flexural failure modes when shear failure was inhibited.

 

The results demonstrated that shear-plug damage, prevalent during impact loads, may lead to premature shear failure during sequential impact testing. This occurred for a statically flexure-critical beam with a significantly larger static flexural-shear capacity relative to its flexural capacity. Similar conclusions applied to the residual static capacity after an initial impact introduced shear-plug damage. These findings indicate potentially severe consequences of shear-plug damage, which should be considered when assessing structures damaged by impact loads.

 

The energy absorption capacity of reinforced concrete elements is closely related to the plastic work capacity of the reinforcement. The experimental study showed how the plastic work capacity varied with reinforcement properties, concrete properties, and impact velocity using static and dynamic four-point flexural tests. The results revealed that the reinforcement type, specifically whether the steel is mild or stiff, governs the strain distribution during static and low-velocity impact testing. Generally, stiff steels result in strain localization before rupturing, indicating a lower plastic work capacity. Factors such as stress and strain capacity also proved significant. However, as the impact velocity increased, wave propagation effects governed strain distribution rather than reinforcement type. 

 

Numerical studies comparing results with outcomes using proposed design methods indicated agreement for support reactions used to verify the shear capacity in the later stages of the response. However, this agreement decreased in the initial stages of the response. This may be because the dynamic equilibrium method only considers a global response, while the local response due to wave propagation is influential in the initial stages of the response. Today, resources such as Biggs [8] and the Swedish Fortifications Agency [86] recommend using two stages of the response to determine the internal forces; an elastic global response and a later elastoplastic global response. From the observations in the papers, it is suggested to add a third initial stage of the response considering wave propagation effects. However, it is deemed that this response stage only has a significant effect for high-intensity blast loads with short rise times relative to the shear wave velocity.

Abstract [sv]

Impulsiva laster har i litteraturen visats leda till spröda skjuvbrott for armerade betongelement designade for mjuka brott under statiska laster. Spröda brottmoder påvisar sämre energiupptagande förmågor jämfört med mjuka böjbrott på grund av dess lägre deformationskapacitet, vilket resulterar i tidigt brott. Skillnaden i respons under statisk och dynamisk belastning kommer från tröghetskrafter och vågutbredningseffekter, där effekten av båda ökar med en minskande lastvaraktighet i relation till fundamentala perioden av elementet.

 

Det här arbetet undersöker förekomsten av skjuvbrott under impulsiva laster experimentellt och med numeriska analyser. Hur väl befintliga beräkningsmetoder kan förutspå skjuvbrott utvärderas aven. Dessutom studeras effekten av viktiga parametrar på den energiupptagande förmågan när skjuvbrott hämmas.

 

Resultaten påvisade att skjuv-plugg-skada, allmänt förekommande under stötbelastning, kan leda till tidigt skjuvbrott under sekventiell stötbelastning. Detta förekom for en statiskt böj-kritisk balk med en markant högre skjuvkapacitet relativt till dess böjkapacitet. Liknande slutsatser kunde dras vid provning av den statiska residualhållfastheten efter att ett initiellt fallviktsförsök introducerade skjuv-plugg-skada. Dessa resultat indikerar potentiellt allvarliga konsekvenser av skjuv-plugg-skada, vilket bör beaktas vid bedömning av element skadade från stötbelastning.

 

Den energiupptagande förmågan hos armerade betongelement är nära relaterat till det plastiska arbetet som armeringen kan utföra. Den experimentella studien visade hur kapaciteten for plastiskt arbete hos armeringen berodde på armeringsegenskaperna, betongegenskaperna samt anslagshastigheten hos massan vid statisk och dynamisk fyrpunktsbelastning. Resultaten visade att armeringstypen, mer specifikt ifall stålet var mjukt eller styvt, styrde töjningslokaliseringen under statisk belastning samt dynamisk belastning med låg anslagshastighet. Generellt sett resulterade styvare stål i töjningslokalisering när stålet slets av, vilket ledde till en mindre kapacitet for plastiskt arbete hos armeringsstången. Faktorer som töjnings- och spänningskapaciteten visades även vara betydande. Däremot indikerade resultaten att allt eftersom anslagshastigheten ökade så var vågutbredningseffekter det som bestämde grad av töjningslokalisering, och inte styvheten hos stålet.

 

Numeriska studier där resultat jämfördes mot resultat från rekommenderade designmetoder indikerade överenskommelse för stödreaktioner som används för att verifiera skjuvkapaciteten i ett senare skede av responsen. Däremot så var överenskommelsen sämre i ett tidigare skede av responsen. Detta kan möjligen förklaras av att den dynamiska jämviktsmodellen endast tar hänsyn till den globala responsen, medans lokal respons från vågutbredning är dominerande tidigt. Idag använder referenser som Biggs [8] och Fortifikationsverket [86] två stadium av responsen for att bestämma interna krafter; ett globalt elastiskt stadie och ett globalt elasiskt-plastiskt stadie. Från observationer i artiklarna så rekommenderas det att ett tredje initiellt stadie som beaktar vågutbredningseffekter bör inkluderas. Detta stadie anses dock bara visa markant effekt for intensiva stötvågsbelastningar med kort stegtid relativt till skjuvvågshastigheten i materialet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 79
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2333
Keywords [en]
Impulsive loads, impact, blast, shear reinforcement, shear failure
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334554ISBN: 978-91-8040-676-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-334554DiVA, id: diva2:1790624
Presentation
2023-09-20, L42, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, KTH Campus, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61778263892, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 230828

Available from: 2023-08-28 Created: 2023-08-23 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. On the Residual Static and Impact Capacity of Shear-Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to an Initial Impact
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Residual Static and Impact Capacity of Shear-Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to an Initial Impact
2022 (English)In: Applied Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3417, Vol. 12, no 22, p. 11377-, article id 11377Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Impact loads in previous research showed to induce brittle responses of statically flexure-critical reinforced concrete (RC) beams designed for ductility. The impact load may produce flexural shear damage modes similar to that observed during quasi-static loads and local shear damage under the impact zone. The occurrence of shear damage modes during impact tests has been investigated extensively, but their effect on the residual quasi-static and dynamic capacity is not fully understood. For this aim, an initial high-velocity impact test initiated severe shear damage to RC beams. The beams were then tested quasi-statically and by sequential impact testing using the same setup as the initial tests. The results indicate a flexure-dominated response during sequential impact tests for beams containing extreme shear reinforcement amounts, favouring the energy-absorption capacity. Significant shear and flexural damage occurred for beams with less shear reinforcement, indicating a hybrid response that varied throughout the tests. The tests for the residual quasi-static capacity indicated severe consequences from initial local shear damage on the capacity, as shown by the brittle response of the beam with the most shear reinforcement. However, wide initial flexural cracks instead showed a favourable effect, as there was an indication of transfer from brittle to ductile failure. For beams showing both global and local shear damage, it was concluded that global shear damage modes were critical for the residual static and dynamic shear capacity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
Keywords
impact testing, residual capacity, shear reinforcement, concrete beams, dynamic response
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322434 (URN)10.3390/app122211377 (DOI)000887164200001 ()2-s2.0-85142526875 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20221215

Available from: 2022-12-15 Created: 2022-12-15 Last updated: 2023-08-23Bibliographically approved
2. Static and Dynamic Four-Point Flexural Tests of Concrete Beams with Variation in Concrete Quality, Reinforcement Properties and Impact Velocity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Static and Dynamic Four-Point Flexural Tests of Concrete Beams with Variation in Concrete Quality, Reinforcement Properties and Impact Velocity
2021 (English)In: Nordic Concrete Research, ISSN 0800-6377, Vol. 65, no 2, p. 19-38Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper discusses the results from three experimental test series previously conducted. The tests consist of quasi-static monotonic and dynamic four-point flexural tests on reinforced concrete beams. The effect of varying material and load parameters on the plastic strain distribution and energy absorbed by the reinforcement is discussed. The main findings are the significant effect of the post-elastic region of the steel reinforcement and the impact velocity during dynamic loading. The results will be used to validate and construct numerical models in future work, where the findings presented can be investigated further.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021
Keywords
Protective concrete structures, ductility, energy absorption capacity, reinforcement quality, impulsive loads, impact velocity, mild and stiff steels
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308555 (URN)10.2478/ncr-2021-0007 (DOI)000744589300002 ()
Note

QC 20220217

Available from: 2022-02-17 Created: 2022-02-17 Last updated: 2023-08-23Bibliographically approved
3. The effect of explosions in road tunnels on critical structural elements
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The effect of explosions in road tunnels on critical structural elements
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Expanding Underground - Knowledge and Passion to Make a Positive Impact on the World: Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, WTC 2023, CRC Press/Balkema , 2023, p. 3263-3271Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In the present paper, the walls of a concrete frame used for over-decking in a road tunnel were first designed using the relevant design provisions. The response of the wall was then analysed using non-linear finite element analysis, and the results of the finite element analysis were compared to what was predicted using the design guidelines. Additionally, simulations of the blast load resulting from gas leakage during transportation were conducted as a separate study. The results from two vapour clouds containing gases of hydrogen and propane were compared.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
CRC Press/Balkema, 2023
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334492 (URN)10.1201/9781003348030-395 (DOI)001150380205039 ()2-s2.0-85160348123 (Scopus ID)
Conference
ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, ITA-AITES WTC 2023 and the 49th General Assembly of the International Tunnelling and Underground Association, 2023, Athens, Greece, 12-18 May 2023
Note

Part of ISBN 978-1-003-34803-0

QC 20231127

Available from: 2023-08-21 Created: 2023-08-21 Last updated: 2024-04-04Bibliographically approved
4. Numerical simulations of shear reinforced RC beams subjected to blast loads
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical simulations of shear reinforced RC beams subjected to blast loads
Show others...
2022 (English)In: fib Symposium, fib. The International Federation for Structural Concrete , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The numerical simulations presented in the present paper were on beam models geometrically identical to the beams previously tested in a shock tunnel but now provided with increased shear reinforcement consisting of vertical stirrups. The tested beam failed in brittle flexural shear during the blast loading in the tunnel. The results from the numerical investigation showed that brittle shear failures of beams subjected to blast loads may be prevented by dense shear reinforcement. The guideline for impulse loaded structure showed to underestimate the dynamic shear capacity as it is not dependent on the actual transverse reinforcement amount. This is however considered in the model used for determining the static shear capacity, meaning that further work developing a similar model fit to impulse loading is advised. To realize this development a new test series is proposed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
fib. The International Federation for Structural Concrete, 2022
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320090 (URN)2-s2.0-85143899005 (Scopus ID)
Conference
6th fib International Congress on Concrete Innovation for Sustainability, Oslo, Norway 12-16 June 2022
Note

QC 20230621

Available from: 2022-10-13 Created: 2022-10-13 Last updated: 2023-08-23Bibliographically approved

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