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Correlating particle number emissions to the rotation of the piston ring
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8848-0234
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2744-8177
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.), Internal Combustion Engines.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9483-7992
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2023 (English)In: SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, ISSN 1946-3960, Vol. 16, no 3, article id 04-16-03-0018Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Reaching the particle emissions regulatory limits for the combustion engine is a challenge for developers.Particle filters have been the standard solution to reduce particle emissions, but filters arelimited in storage capacity and need to be regenerated, a process emitting more carbon dioxide(CO2) as more fuel is consumed to regenerate the filter. In previous research, it was found that theengine can emit large spikes in particle numbers (PNs) under stationary operating conditions. Thesespikes were several orders of magnitude higher than for the base particle emissions level and occurredseemingly at random. The source of the spikes was believed to be the cylinder-piston-ring systemand as 50–99% of the particles stemmed from these spikes, the influence on the particle emissionsmade it an interesting investigation to find the root cause of it. The experiments were performedfor different piston ring loads, locked ring positions, and different oil compositions. The resultsindicate a possibility to control the PN emissions through the experiment alterations, with lockedpiston rings having the greatest influence at a higher load. There was no clear relation between ringrotation and flutter with the spikes observed. The locked piston ring configurations did indicate thering gap not to be the main contributor to the spiking as fully aligned gaps did not result in thehighest levels of particle emissions. Variations to the oil composition indicate that a high-volatilityoil will emit higher levels of small, sub-10 nm particles compared to the standard baseline oil. Ahigh-viscosity oil instead lowers the particle emissions, possibly due to the higher inner friction athigh temperatures reducing the oil ingress into the combustion chamber. The link between the PNspiking phenomenon and the oil pathway past the piston ring was not established through theexperiments reported in this publication.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAE International , 2023. Vol. 16, no 3, article id 04-16-03-0018
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334737DOI: 10.4271/04-16-03-0018ISI: 001104163900003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85174389723OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-334737DiVA, id: diva2:1791118
Note

QC 20230824

Available from: 2023-08-24 Created: 2023-08-24 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Knocking Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Spark-Ignited Engine Fueled by Methanol
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Knocking Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Spark-Ignited Engine Fueled by Methanol
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Challenges regarding greenhouse gas emissions in general, and especially emissions of carbon dioxide, highlight the need to reduce the use of fossilfuels, which requires more efficient combustion engines and a transition to renewable fuels, such as e-methanol. As knocking combustion limits the efficiency of a spark-ignited engine, thereby increasing fuel consumption and the emissions, it is a very relevant research topic of today. The research literature has proposed several explanations for knocking combustion. A generally accepted hypothesis is that knock is predominantly initiated from so-called hot spots, i.e. exothermic centers with a deviation intemperature. Nevertheless, the scientific literature suggests that hot spots may not be present in all engine-fuel configurations. Moreover, some studies indicate that other reactivity spots within the engine, such as fuel-rich spotsand oil spots, can contribute to knock as well.The standard approach to mitigating knock is to retard spark timing when knock is detected in earlier cycles. Therefore, this approach penalizes thecycles that would have experienced normal combustion at optimal spark timing, thereby reducing overall combustion efficiency. Hence, a preferred solution for controlling knock is to predict in-cycle if knocking will occur and adjust spark timing accordingly. However, the research literature presents conflicting results regarding the possibility of predicting knock before spark timing. This thesis evaluates the potential for predicting the conditions that lead to incycle knocking combustion in a heavy-duty spark-ignition engine running onmethanol, as well as assessing strategies for mitigating knock and enhancing engine efficiency.The thesis also investigates other potential root causes of auto-ignition in theengine-fuel configuration, including whether lubricant oil entering the combustion chamber can be a contributing factor. The results indicate that it is not possible to accurately predict prior to spark timing whether a cycle will knock. Knock control after spark timing is unlikely to be effective due to the significant overlap in combustion characteristics between normal and knocking cycles. Lubricant oil, rather than hot spots or fuel-rich spots, was demonstrated to be the most likely cause of knock in the current engine-fuel configuration.

Abstract [sv]

Utmaningar kopplade till utsläpp av växthusgaser i allmänhet och koldioxid isynnerhet understryker behovet av att minska användningen av fossila bränslen. Detta kräver mer effektiva förbränningsmotorer och en övergång till förnybara bränslen, såsom e-metanol. Eftersom knackande förbränning begränsar verkningsgraden hos en gnisttänd motor och därmed ökar både bränsleförbrukningen och utsläppen är det ett högaktuellt forskningsområde. Den vetenskapliga litteraturen har föreslagit flera förklaringar till knack. En allmänt accepterad hypotes är att knack främst initieras av så kallade "hotspots", det vill säga exotermiska centra med temperaturavvikelser. Samtidigt visar litteraturen att hot spots inte alltid förekommer i alla motorbränslekombinationer. Dessutom finns studier som pekar på andra reaktiva områden, såsom bränslerika zoner och oljefläckar, som möjliga orsaker till knack. Standardmetoden för att motverka knack är att senarelägga tändtidpunkten när knack upptäckts i tidigare cykler. Denna metod bestraffar dock även decykler som skulle ha haft en normal förbränning vid optimal tändning, vilket därmed minskar den totala förbränningseffektiviteten. En önskvärd lösning för att reglera knack är därför att kunna förutsäga inom en förbränningscykel om knack kommer att inträffa och justera tändtidpunkten utifrån denna information. Tidigare forskning har dock visat motstridiga resultat vad gäller möjligheten att förutsäga knack före tändning. Denna avhandling syftar specifikt till att klargöra, för en tung gnisttändmotor som drivs med metanol, potentialen att inom en förbränningscykel förutsäga om knackande förbränning kommer att inträffa, samt om den kan mildras inom samma cykel. Avhandlingen har även undersökt andra möjliga grundorsaker till självantändning i motorbränslesystemet, däribland huruvida smörjolja som tränger in i förbränningskammaren kan vara en bidragande faktor. Resultaten visar att det inte är möjligt att med hög noggrannhet förutsäga före tändtidpunkten om en cykel kommer att knacka eller inte. Reglering av knack efter tändning bedöms inte som fördelaktigt, på grund av stort överlapp i förbränningskaraktäristik mellan normala och knackande cykler. Smörjolja, snarare än hot spots eller bränslerika zoner, visade sig vara denmest sannolika orsaken till knack i den aktuella motorbränsleuppsättningen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 44
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:18
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363271 (URN)978-91-8106-306-6 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-06-05, Sal Gladan, Brinellvägen 85, Stockholm, 10:15 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2025-05-14 Created: 2025-05-09 Last updated: 2025-05-14Bibliographically approved

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Adlercreutz, LudvigLius, AndreasAinouz, FilipCronhjort, Andreas

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